Sarı, Zeynep BetülSarı, Muhammet EminAytar, Erdi CanGümrükçüoğlu, Abidinİncilay Torunoğlu, EmineÖzdemir Sancı, TubaDemirel, GamzeDurmaz, Alper2025-06-172025-06-17202527010198https://hdl.handle.net/11494/5525Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality. This study investigates the cytotoxic effects of Euphorbia rigida extract on A549 NSCLC cells and its potential as a therapeutic agent. Cellular morphology was observed microscopically, and cell viability was evaluated using dose-dependent proliferation assays. Apoptosis-related gene expression—including Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-9—was analyzed via quantitative PCR (qPCR). Chromatographic methods identified bioactive flavonoids, and molecular docking assessed their binding to cancer-related proteins. Additionally, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) profiles were evaluated. The extract induced apoptotic morphological changes such as cell shrinkage and loss of intercellular contact. A dose-dependent reduction in A549 viability was observed, with an IC50 of 0.5 mg mL−1. Gene expression indicated activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, with increased Bax and Caspase-9 and decreased Bcl-2 expression. Flow cytometry using Annexin V-allophycocyanin (V-APC) staining revealed selective cytotoxicity: significant apoptosis in A549 cells while preserving viability in BEAS-2B normal lung epithelial cells. Identified flavonoids included quercetin, apigenin, and myricetin, which showed strong binding affinities in docking studies. ADMET profiling supported their drug-likeness. These findings highlight E. rigida potential in NSCLC treatment via apoptosis induction and selective cytotoxicity.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccessA549 cellsBaxBcl-2BEAS-2BCaspase-9CytotoxicityEuphorbia rigidaMolecular dockingArticle10.1002/adbi.2025001362-s2.0-10500668844840432491Q2WOS:001497264300001Q3