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Öğe Artvin Genya Dağı bölgesinde saf doğu ladini (picea orientalis (l) link.) meşcerelerinin verimliliği ile bazı edafik ve fizyografik faktörler arasındaki ilişkiler(Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi, 2006) Günlü, Alkan; Yılmaz, Murat; Altun, Lokman; Ercanlı, İlker; Küçük, MehmetBu araştırma Artvin Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü, Artvin Orman İşletme Müdürlüğü, Merkez İşletme Şefliği sınırları içerisindeki Genya Dağı bölgesinde yayılış gösteren saf Doğu Ladini meşcerelerinde bonitet endeksi ile bazı edafik ve fizyografik özellikler arasındaki ilişkilerin saptanabilmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla Genya Dağı bölgesinde saf olarak yayılış gösteren Doğu Ladini meşcerelerinden 50 tane deneme alanı seçilmiş, her bir deneme alanına ilişkin fizyografik ve edafik özellikler belirlenmiştir. Toprağa ilişkin özelliklerin belirlenebilmesi için toprak profilleri açılmış ve örnekler alınmıştır. Ayrıca her bir deneme alanında meşcerelerin bonitet endeksi (100 yaşındaki üst boy) belirlenmiştir. Meşcere bonitet endeksi ile edafik ve fizyografik faktörler arasındaki ilişkiler korelasyon analizi ile sorgulanmıştır. Bu ekolojik etmenlerden eğim, fizyolojik toprak derinliği, mutlak toprak derinliği, Ah ve B horizonundaki kil ve kum miktarıları (%) ile bonitet endeksi arasında önemli ve anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmuşturÖğe Biyolojik çeşitliliğin korunması ve orman amenajman planlarına yansıtılması(Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, 2005) Başkent, Emin Zeki; Köse, Selahattin; Terzioğlu, Salih; Başkaya, Şağdan; Altun, Lokman; Yolasığmaz, Hacı Ahmet; Sönmez, TuranÜlkemizde model planlar hariç, orman amenajman planları tekdüze odun üretimi eksenli olarak hazırlanmaktad.ır. Oysaki 1992 yılında Rio Zirvesiyle şekillenen Pan-Avrupa ve Yakın-Doğu Süreçlerine göre biyoçeşitliliğin korunması ve planlara yansıtılması gerekmektedir. Bu amaçla başlatılan uluslar arası projeler ile ülkemizde BÇ'nin korunması' ve orman kaynaklarının sürdürülebilir planlanmasına yansıtılması için gerekli kavramsal açılımlar başlatılmış ve teknik, ekonomik ve sosyo-kültürel değişimlerin yaşandığı bir sürece girilmiştir. Bildiride; öncelikle 21. yüzyıl ormancılık felsefesi orman amenajmanı perspektifinden bakılarak incelenmiş ve ülkemiz açısından bir değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır . Biyolojik çeşitlilik kavramı kısaca tanıtılarak, tür ve ekosistem çeşitliliğinin ortaya konulmasında önemli görülen bazı kavramlara (hedef türler -gösterge , anahtar, bayrak tür vb. -, nadir ve kritik ekosistemler vb.) değinilmiştir. BÇ'nin orman amenajman planlarına entegre edil!=bilmesi için gerekli olan temel altlıklar (meşcere, fonksiyon, yetişme ortamı haritası vb.), meşcere parametreleri (servet, artım, kapalılık, göğüs yüzeyi vb.) ve BÇ parametreleri sıralanmıştır. Bu bağlamda oluşan, Ekosistem tabanlı çok amaçlı planlama yaklaşımı kısaca tanıtılmış, klasik planlama yaklaşımların ın yetersizlikleri, ayrıldığı noktalar ve sağladığı avantajlar sıralanmıştır. BÇ'nin işletme amaçları ve koruma hedeflerinin belirlenmesi, yararlanmanın düzenlenmesi ve silvikültürel müdahaleler üzerindeki etkisi üzerinde durulmuştur. Korunan alan kavramı, korunmaya muhtaç çekirdek alan, koridor ve hassas alanların tüm ormanda (matris) üretim alanlarıyla birlikte korunması ve akıllı kullanımı anlamına gelmektedir. Ülke ormanlarının yaklaşık %30'unu oluşturan, milli parklar, tabiatı koruma alanları, tabiat parkları, tabiat anıtları, tohum meşcereler i, gen koruma alanları, yaban hayatı koruma alanları, özel çevre koruma alanları, muhafaza karakterindeki ormanlar ve özel statüdeki alanlar yasalarla korunması gereken yerlerdi r. Avrupa biyoçeşitliliğin yaklaşık %75'ini barındıran ülkemizde, BÇ sayılan alanlarla birlikte diğer alanlar içerisinde de korunmalıdır. Önemli olan bu tür özel alanların katılımcı yaklaşımla belirlenmesi, koruma hedeflerinin ve BÇ değerinin ortaya konması, çekirdek zon ve ekolojik etkilenme bölgeleriyle birlikte uygun planlama yaklaşımı ve planlama teknikleriyle planlanmasıdır. Uygulanabilir ekosistem tabanlı çok amaçlı planların düzenlenebilmesi için; katılımcılık, şeffaflık, yapılabilirlik, karar destek sistemleri ve bilişim teknolojile rinin etkin kullanımı ile bilinçlendirme çalışmalarının hız kazandırılması gerekmektedir.Öğe Climate change and biodiversity relations in the eastern Black Sea region([y.y.], 2008) Tüfekçioğlu, Aydın; Altun, Lokman; Özbayram, Ali KemalTurkey contains a great variety of natural habitats, ranging from Mediterranean, Aegean, and Black Sea beaches to towering coastal and interior mountains, from deeply incised valleys to expensive steppes, from fertile alluvial plains to arid, rocky hillslopes. The richness in the diversity of habitats translates into richness in the biodiversity in Turkey. But, because of rapid human population growth (about 2.5% per year) and associated intensive or unwise utilization of natural resources and habitats the biodiversity of Turkey is deteriorating. Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey is rich in biodiversity compared to other regions. The east-west oriented, parallel ranges of the Northern Anatolian Mountains run in the southern part of the Eastern Black Sea. Climate change will significantly influence the biodiversity of the region according to future climate scenarios for the region. We used existing literature related to flora and future climate of the region and field observations done in the different times to assess biodiversity in the region. Future climate of the region has been predicted by the Dalfes et al. (2007) using RegCM3 regional climate model. The region has total of around 2500 plant species and 386 of them are endemic. High mountain areas in Artvin, Rize and Trabzon are the places rich in endemism. Eight of the endemics are in the critically endangered list of IUCN while 55 are in endangered list in the region. The numbers of total species in each city are 1219 for Artvin, 747 for Rize, 894 for Trabzon, 457 for Giresun and 301 for Ordu. Numbers of endemic species in each city are 119 for Artvin, 74 for Rize, 70 for Trabzon, 54 for Giresun and 19 for Ordu. According to future climate scenarios, the eastern part of the region will get 200-300 mm increases in precipitation, while the western part won't have any increase in precipitation in the next century. The temperatures will increase 2-4 °C in the region in the next century according to RegCM3 regional climate model. Both plant belts and tree line will change under the current climate scenarios for the region. The influence of these changes on diversity in the region will be important and will vary according to site conditions.Öğe Coruh river dam projects and their ecological impacts([y.y.], 2008) Tüfekçioğlu, Aydın; Altun, Lokman; Kalay, Hasan Zeki; Schultz, R.C.; Yılmaz, MuratCoruh river starts from Mescit Mountains of Bayburt, Turkey and reaches Black Sea in Batum, Georgia. The total length of the river is around 431 km. and 410 km of it in the boundries of Turkey and the remaining 21 km in the Georgia. The annual discharge of the river is 6.3 billion cubic meter. Coruh is the fastest running river of the Turkey with an elevational difference of 1420 m. It carries 5.8 million cubic meter of sediment each year. Ten dams are planned to construct on the main river while 21 planned to construct on the branches of the river. They will generate 10.6 billions kWh energy per year. Seven of these dams are located in the vicinity of Artvin. Construction of new roads have also started to solve the transportation problem of the area because some part of the roads are going to be covered by the water. Road construction will damage the forests of the valley due to high slope in the area. Fish species living in the river such as Salmo trutta labrax, Salmo trutta lcapius, Cypirinus carpio, Barbus cycloepsis and Silurus glanis are going to lose their habitat. The region is rich in endemism. The number of endemic species is 119 for Artvin and some of them grows in the main valley of Coruh river. They will lose their habitat after the construction of the dams.Öğe Çoruh vadisi fıstıkçamı orman ekosistemlerine ilişkin bitki örtüsü ve bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal toprak özelliklerinin incelenmesi(Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi, 2002) Tüfekçioğlu, Aydın; Yılmaz, Murat; Altun, Lokman; Kalay, H. ZekiBir Akdeniz bitki örtüsü olan fıstıkçamı Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesinde Trabzon- Söğütlü Deresi ve Artvin-Çoruh Vadisinde dar bir alanda yayılış göstermektedir. Koruma amaçlı ayrılması gereken bu alanlarda fıstıkçamının kalıcılığının sağlanmasında toprak etmenlerinin önemi büyüktür. Bu çalışmada Çoruh vadisi fıstıkçamı meşcerelerinden 8 adet toprak profili alınmıştır. Alınan toprak örneklerinin tekstür, pH, organik madde ve taşlılık oranları belirlenmiştir. Toprak pH’sı 6.3 ile 7.04, toprak organik maddesi ise 0.7 ile 8.1 arasında değişmiştir. Toprağın taşlılık oranı yüksek olup, horizonlaşma zayıftır. Meşcere kapalılığı zayıf olup yoğun diri örtü doğal gençleşme şansını azaltmıştır. Koruma altına alınmadığı takdirde buradaki fıstıkçamı meşcerelerinin yok olması kaçınılmaz görünmektedir.Öğe Denizden yükseklik ve bakının doğu kayını’nın (fagus orientalis lipsky.) odunsu ilişkileri üzerine etkisi(Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi, 2013) Topaloğlu, Elif; Ay, Nurgül; Altun, LokmanBu çalışmada yetişme yeri faktörlerinden denizden yükseklik ve bakının Doğu Kayını’nın (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) odun-su ilişkileri üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Araştırma bölgesinde, beş yükselti basamağı ve iki bakı grubu oluşturulmuş ve toplam 20 adet ağaç kesilmiştir. Odun-su ilişkilerini belirlemek için hacim yoğunluk değeri, lif doygunluk noktası rutubeti, odunun içerisine alabileceği en yüksek su miktarı, daralma ve genişleme yüzdeleri hesaplanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; %95 güven düzeyi ile yükseltinin hacim yoğunluk değeri, daralma ve genişleme yüzdeleri, lif doygunluk noktası rutubeti ve en yüksek odun rutubeti üzerine etkisinin olduğu; bakının hacim yoğunluk değeri, teğet ve radyal yönde daralma yüzdesi, hacimsel daralma yüzdesi, teğet ve lifler yönünde genişleme yüzdesi, lif doygunluk noktası rutubeti ve en yüksek odun rutubeti üzerine etkisinin olduğu; lifler yönünde daralma yüzdesi, radyal yönde genişleme yüzdesi ve hacimsel genişleme yüzdesi üzerine etkisinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir. En düşük değerlerin yer aldığı kuzey bakı ve birinci yükselti basamağının bu ağaç türünün masif olarak kullanılacağı yerler için en uygun yetişme yeri olduğu söylenebilirÖğe Determination of stand structure in even-aged Oriental Beech Forests in Turkey(Univ Austral Chile, 2016) Kahriman, Aydın; Altun, Lokman; Güvendi, EnginThis study aimed at developing a stand yield model for even-aged and pure Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) stands in Sinop Province, located in the north of Turkey. The data used in this study were obtained from 238 sample plots. The sample plots are 24-131 years of stand age range, 19.0-35.9 m of site index range, and 2.2-10.8 of stand density range (relative density index). With the generated equation systems, stand age, site index and density of the three main factors in Oriental beech stands, including the effects of individual, dual and triple factor interactions on the stands were numerically determined. As for even-aged Oriental beech stands, the main stand volume values increase depending on age, site index and density. The number of stems per hectare decreases as the stand grows older, and site index rises; the number, however, increases in parallel with stand density. The current annual volume increment reaches a peak at 3035 years at all site index groups and density levels, and begins to fall afterwards. Mean annual volume increment peaks up at 65-75 years at all site index classes and density levels, before beginning to decline. The results were in arrangement with the acknowledged growth rules. Stand yield models were assessed as Density-Variable Yield Table used for estimation of the remaining, removal and total stands.Öğe Effect of climatic factors on the growth of oriental spruce stands in mountainous ecoregion of ne Turkey(Health & Environment Assoc, 2017) Yener, İsmet; Altun, LokmanAtmospheric conditions have some direct and indirect effects on plant growth in many ways. This effect is important especially in physical, chemical or biological process in plant growth. Deviations from optimum conditions could negatively affect plant growth. Thought that the climate is the main factor limiting the plant distribution and living, the climatic parameters would be used as indicators of plant productivity. Annual mean temperature (TEMP) and annual mean precipitation (PREC) are two of the most used climate factors to model stand productivity. Annual mean minimum-maximum temperature, temperature and precipitation in growing season, actual evapotranspiration (AET) and moisture index have been also used in related studies. This study aims to determine the relationships between some climate factors and the site index (SI) of oriental spruce (Picea orientalis (L.) Link.) naturally distributed in Rize-Kackar Mountainous Ecoregion in Turkey. Within this scope, 54 sample plots were visited in the study area and tree height, tree diameter at breast height and stand age were measured in each sample plot to determine SI. Climatic data was obtained from meteorological stations closest to study areas Results showed that SI of oriental spruce were positively correlated with annual mean temperature (r= 0,424), mean temperature in during season (VTEMP) (r= 0,484) and annual AET (r= 0,312). On the other hand annual mean precipitation (r= -0,593), mean precipitation during growing season (VPREC) (r= -0,633) and the Thornthwaite moisture index (THMI) (r= 0,541) were negatively correlated with SI. To model the SI multiple linear regression technique was used. The model, consisting of VTEMP and VPREC accounted for only 42,7 % of the variation in SI. The results show the importance of climate factors on oriental spruce growth, especially in site selection for afforestation activities.Öğe Effects of land-use regime on soil erodibility indices and soil properties in Unye, Turkey(Parlar Scientific Publications, 2007) Yılmaz, Murat; Usta, Ayhan; Altun, Lokman; Tilki, FahrettinWe evaluated the effects of land-use regime on soil erodibility indices and several soil properties in forested, deforested, and cultivated areas in the village of Unye, Turkey. Twelve sample plots (spaced 150 m apart) with northern aspects were established in each land-use regime, and samples were taken at soil depths of 0–20, 20–50, and 50– 80 cm. Soil organic matter (SOM), soil reaction (pH), total lime (CaCO3), texture (sand, silt, and clay), dispersion ratio (DR), erosion ratio (ER), colloid-moisture equivalent ratio (C-MER), structural stability index (SSI), field capacity (FC), wilting point (WP), and available water capacity (AWC) were analyzed. The average (of the three soil depths) AWC, FC, and WP values were not affected by the site, although site, soil depth, or both significantly affected other analyzed soil variables. Deforestation and subsequent tillage practices resulted in an almost 20% decrease in clay content, a 33% decrease in SOM, a 15% decrease in AWC, a 51% decrease in total CaCO3, a 24% decrease in SSI, a 60% increase in DR, and a 98% increase in ER relative to undisturbed forest soil. At cultivated and forested sites, the ER and DR increased with increasing soil depth. At deforested sites, ER and DR were lowest at 50–80 cm. SOM was the highest at 0–20 cm in the forested sites. Decreasing SOM, clay content, and SSI, as well as increasing DR and ER were outcomes of deforestation. These results indicate that the conversion of forest into cropland deteriorates some soil properties, especially SOM and SSI, and alters the stability of soil aggregates, thus increasing the susceptibility of deforested sites to erosion.Öğe Effects of some soil properties on the growth of hybrid poplar in the Terme-Gölardi region of Turkey(Tübitak, 2003) Tüfekçioğlu, Aydın; Altun, Lokman; Kalay, H. Zeki; Yılmaz, MuratIn this study, the effects of some physical and chemical soil properties on the growth of hybrid poplar were investigated in the Terme-Gölard› region where a poor growth of trees was observed. Soil samples were taken from both poor and good growth areas. Chemical soil properties such as pH, exchangeable Na+, K+, Ca++ and Mg++ content, CEC, phosphorus content and salinity were determined. Physical soil properties such as field capacity, permanent wilting point, water holding capacity and available water were measured. Ground water depth was measured in the field during soil sampling. Clay and Mg++ content and pH of the soils showed a significantly negative correlation while phosphorus and sand content of the soils had a positive correlation with the growth of hybrid poplar. Mg++, K+, and ground water depth explained 43% of the variation of mean annual height growth. The results indicated that soil conditions had a strong influence on the growth of hybrid poplar in the Terme-Gölard› region.Öğe Predicting site index for oriental spruce (picea orientalıs L. (link)) using ecological factors in the Eastern Black Sea, Turkey(Parlar Scientific Publications, 2018) Yener, İsmet; Altun, LokmanOriental spruce is a very important commercial timber species in Turkey. Its distribution area is recognized as one of the 25 biodiversity hotspots in the world. The present study aims to model site index (SI) of oriental spruce stands using some topographic, climatic and edaphic variables in a mountainous ecoregion of the Eastern Black Sea, Turkey. Within this scope, 60 sample plots were visited in the study area, and the height, diameter at breast height and age of sample trees were measured. A soil pit was also dug in each sample plot for analyzing soil properties. Then, some physical (sand, silt, clay, plant available water capacity) and chemical properties (pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content and exchangeable cations) were examined on each soil sample. Finally, regression tree and multiple linear regression methods were used to model SI. Their adjusted coefficient of determination (R-adj(2)) values were found to be as 0.70 and 0.53, respectively. According to the outperformed model, longitude, soil K+ content and landform were the most important factors affecting the SI. The results show that the regression tree model which is proposed in the present study may be used by forest planners and silviculture experts as a decision support tool for scheduling proper forestry activities.Öğe Soil organic matter, soil pH and soil nutrient dynamics in forest stands after fire([y.y.], 2004) Altun, Lokman; Bilgili, Ertuğrul; Sağlam, Bülent; Küçük, Ömer; Yılmaz, Murat; Tüfekçioğlu, AydınFires burn, spread and release energy. The process of burning not only helps increase the decomposition of organic matters but also causes the plant nutrients bound to vegetation and organic dead material to get into soil and inflicts changes on the physical and chemical properties of soil. Changes taken place in soils and their status over time are extremely important for the success of the vegetation that will establish on the site after fire. This study presents the results of a study conducted to monitor the changes in plant nutrients and soil’s chemical properties. In the study, soil organic matter, soil reaction (pH), salinity and soil nutrients were measured. Soil reaction, N and K slightly increased after fire and decreased gradually thereafter. Other nutrients gradually decreased after fire throughout the study period. As a result, it can be said that the effect of fires on soils in areas having little or no dead surface fuels are limited, yet important.Öğe Soil properties and root biomass responses to prescribed burning in young corsican pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) stands(Triveni Enterprises, 2010) Tüfekçioğlu, Aydın; Küçük, Mehmet; Sağlam, Bülent; Bilgili, Ertuğrul; Altun, LokmanFire is an important tool in the management of forest ecosystems. Although both prescribed and wildland fires are common in Turkey, few studies have addressed the influence of such disturbances on soil properties and root biomass dynamics. In this study soil properties and root biomass responses to prescribed fire were investigated in 25-year-old corsican pine (Pinus nigra Am.) stands in Kastamonu, Turkey The stands were established by planting and were subjected to prescribed burning in July 2003. Soil respiration rates were determined every two months using soda-lime method over a two- year period, Fine (0-2 mm diameter) and small root (2-5 mm diameter) biomass were sampled approximately bimonthly using sequential coring method. Mean daily soil respiration ranged from 0.65 to 2.19 g Cm(-2) d(-1) among all sites. Soil respiration rates were significantly higher in burned sites than in controls. Soil respiration rates were correlated significantly with soil moisture and soil temperature. Fine root biomass was significantly lower in burned sites than in control sites. Mean fine root biomass values were 4940 kg ha(-1) for burned and 5450 kg ha(-1) for control sites. Soil pH was significantly higher in burned sites than in control sites in 15-35 cm soil depth. Soil organic matter content did not differ significantly between control and burned sites. Our results indicate that, depending on site conditions, fire could be used successfully as a tool in the management of forest stands in the study areaÖğe Soil respiration and root biomass responses to burning in calabrian pine (Pinus brutia) stands in Edirne,Turkey(Triveni Enterprises, 2010) Tüfekçioğlu, Aydın; Küçük, Mehmet; Bilmiş, Tuncay; Altun, Lokman; Yılmaz, MuratIn this study, soil properties and root biomass responses to prescribed fire were investigated in 25-30 year-old calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) stands in Edirne, Turkey. The stands were established by planting and were subjected to prescribed burning in July, 2005. Soil respiration rates were determined every two monthsusing the soda-lime method over a two-year period. Fine (>2 mmdiameter) and small root (>2-5 mm diameter) biomass were sampled approximately bimonthly using the sequential coring method. Soil respiration rates in burned sites were significantly higher than in control sites during the summer season but there was no significant difference in the other seasons. Soil respiration rates were correlated significantly with soil moisture and soil temperature. Fine and small root biomasswere significantly lower in burned sites than in control sites. Mean fine root biomass values were 3204 kg ha-1 for burned and 3772 kg ha-1 for control sites.Annual soil CO releases totaled 515 g C m-2 for burned and 418 g C m-2 for control sites. Our results indicate that, depending on site conditions, fire could be used successfully as a tool in the management of calabrian pine stands in the study area.
