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    The ameliorative effect of Cetraria islandica against diabetes-induced genetic and oxidative damage in human blood
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2013) Çolak, Suat; Geyikoğlu, Fatime; Türkez, Hasan; Bakır, Tülay Özhan; Aslan, Ali
    Context: The aqueous extracts of Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. (Parmeliaceae) is traditionally used in many countries against a number of conditions, including inflammatory conditions. Objective: The present study aimed to assess, for the first time, the effectiveness of C. islandica in cultured primary blood cells of Type 1 diabetes subjects. Materials and methods: Diabetic and control blood samples were treated with or without aqueous lichen extract (5 and 10 mu g mL(-1)) for 48 h. The activity of antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes and also malondialdehyde levels in plasma were determined to evaluate the oxidative status. DNA damages were analyzed by SCE, MN and comet assays in cultured human lymphocytes. Additionally, proliferation index (PI) was evaluated in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Results: There were significant increases in observed total DNA damage (comet assay) (240.2%) and SCE (168.8%), but not in MN frequencies of cultures with diabetes as compared (p>0.05) to controls. Whereas, the significant reductions of total DNA damage (69.2 and 65.3%) and SCE frequencies (17.7 and 12.3%) were determined when the 5 and 10 mg mL(-1) lichen extract was added to the cell culture medium, respectively. However, lichen extract did not completely inhibit the induction of SCEs in lymphocytes of patients with diabetes. C. islandica extract was also useful on PI rates. Discussion: In conclusion, the antioxidant role of C. islandica in alleviating diabetes-induced genomic instability and for increasing cell viability was firstly indicated in the present study.
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    The biochemical and histological effects of lichens in normal and diabetic rats
    (Sage Publications, 2016) Deniz, Gülşah Yıldız; Geyikoğlu, Fatime; Türkez, Hasan; Bakır, Tülay Özhan; Çolak, Suat; Aslan, Ali
    Oxidative stress plays an important role in causing diabetes; however, no studies have thoroughly reported on the toxic and beneficial effects of lichen extracts in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). This study covers a previously unrecognized effect of two well-known lichen species Cetraria islandica and Pseudevernia furfuracae in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. In experimental design, control or diabetic rats were either untreated or treated with aqueous lichen extracts (250-500 mg/kg /day) for 2 weeks starting at 72 h after STZ injection. On day 14, animals were anaesthetized, and metabolic and biochemical parameters were appreciated between control and treatment groups. The histopathology of liver was examined using three different staining methods: hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), periodic acid Schiff (PAS), and reticulin and Sudan Black B. Our experimental data showed that increasing doses of C. islandica and P. furfuracae alone did not have any detrimental effects on studied parameters and the malondialdehyde level of liver. C. islandica extract showed positive results for antioxidant capacity compared to doses of P. furfuracae extract. However, the protective effect of C. islandica extract on diabetes-induced disorders and hepatic damages is still unclear. Moreover, unfortunately, animals subjected to DM therapy did not benefit from the usage of increasing lichen doses due to their unchanged antioxidant activity in tissues. The results obtained in present study suggested that C. islandica and P. furfuracae is safe but the power of these is limited because of intensive oxidative stress in liver of type 1 diabetic rats. It is also implied that C. islandica extract is especially suitable for different administration routes in DM animals.
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    The effects of Cetraria islandica and Pseudevernia furfuracea extracts in normal and diabetic rats
    (Sage Publications, 2015) Bakır, Tülay Özhan; Geyikoğlu, Fatime; Çolak, Suat; Türkez, Hasan; Aslan, Ali; Bakır, Murat
    Lichens are symbiotic organisms composed of a fungus joined to a photosynthesizing partner that can be either an alga or a cyanobacterium. They can be used as a novel bioresource for natural antioxidants. However, there is also a need for further studies to validate the lichens used in medicinal remedies. This study covers a previously unrecognized effects of Cetraria islandica (CIAE) and Pseudeverniafurfuracea (PFAE) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. In experimental design, control or diabetic rats were either untreated or treated with aqueous lichen extracts (250-500 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks starting at 72 h after STZ injection. On day 14, animals were anesthetized, metabolic and biochemical parameters were appreciated between control and treatment groups. The histopathology of kidney was examined using four different staining methods: hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Masson trichrome and Congo red. Our experimental data showed that increasing doses of CIAE and PFAE did not have any detrimental effects on the studied parameters and the malondialdehyde level of kidney. CIAE extract showed prominent results compared to doses of PFAE extract for antioxidant capacity. However, the protective effect of CIAE extract was inadequate on diabetes-induced disorders and kidney damages. Moreover, animals subjected to diabetes mellitus (DM) therapy did not benefit unfortunately from the usage of increasing lichen doses due to their unchanged antioxidant activity to tissue. The results obtained in present study suggested that CIAE and PFAE are safe but the power of these is limited because of the intensive oxidative stress in kidney of type 1 diabetic rats. It is also implied that CIAE extract is especially suitable for different administration routes in DM.
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    Effects of lichen extracts on haematological parameters of rats with experimental insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
    (Sage Publications, 2014) Çolak, Suat; Geyikoğlu, Fatime; Aslan, Ali; Deniz, Gülşah Yıldız
    The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the world is steadily increasing. Oxidative stress contributes to the development of diabetic complications, including diabetic haematological changes. Lichens are used as food supplements and are also used as possible natural antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer agents. We hypothesized that antioxidant activity of lichens may decrease hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress and prevent the development of diabetic complications, including abnormality in haematological condition. Therefore, the effects of Cetraria islandica water extract (CIWE) and Pseudevernia furfuracea water extract (PFWE) on the haematological parameters of rats with type 1 DM were investigated for the first time in the present study. Control Sprague-Dawley or streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were either untreated or treated with water lichen extracts (5-500mg/kg body weight (bw)/day) for 2weeks, starting at 72h after STZ injection. On day 14, animals were anaesthetized and haematological and metabolic parameters were determined between control and experimental groups. In addition, the total oxidative stress (TOS), a specific indicator of oxidative stress, and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured by biochemical studies. In diabetic rats, CIWE of 250-500mg/kg bw dose showed more prominent results when compared with doses of PFWE for TAC. The results obtained in the present study suggested that the antioxidant activities of lichens might be the possible reason behind the observed antihaematological status. However, the protective effect of lichen extracts were inadequate on diabetes-induced microcytic hypochromic anaemia. In addition, the extracts have no effect on metabolic complications. Our experimental data showed that high doses of CIWE and PFWE alone have no detrimental effect on blood cells and TOS status of plasma. Hence, they are safe and suitable for different administration routes.
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    The effects of lichens extracts in the healthy rats and the medical utility of these extracts in the prevention of diabetes-associated multiple organ failures
    (Kafkas Univ, 2015) Çolak, Suat; Geyikoğlu, Fatime; Türkez, Hasan; Bakır, Murat; Husseinigouzdaganii, Mirkhalil; Can, Serpil; Çığşar, Gülşen; Aslan, Ali
    In the present study, we firstly assessed Cetraria islandica and Pseudevernia furfuracae to avoid detrimental effects on multiple tissues of rats. Diabetes mellitus (DM) with the subsequent generation of oxidative stress represents a major risk factor for organs. The second aim of this study is to investigate whether administration of both lichens could prevent type 1 diabetes (T1D)-induced organ dysfunctions. During two weeks, both control and diabetic rats were treated with aqueous lichen extracts. The metabolic changes were determined. On day 14, after animals were decapitated, required samples for biochemical and genetic analysis were collected. Oxidative damage of DNA was estimated by measuring the increase in 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine formation. Biochemical parameters were used to observe and evaluate the functional changes in tissues. Experimental data showed that the increasing doses of lichens alone have not any detrimental effect on above parameters. Moreover, C. islandica decreased the diabetes-induced glucose and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Thus, it seemed that the antioxidant treatment has an important effect on the organ failure in ill rats. However, the protective effect of C. islandica was inadequate on diabetes-induced disorders and DNA damages. Lichens are a safe in the studied dose range but the power of C. islandica is limited because of intensive oxidative stress in essential organs of T1D rats.
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    Evaluating the toxic and beneficial effects of lichen extracts in normal and diabetic rats
    (Sage Publications, 2016) Çolak, Suat; Geyikoğlu, Fatime; Türkez, Hasan; Aslan, Ali
    Lichens can be used as a novel bioresource for natural antioxidants. However, there is need for further investigations to validate the lichens used in medicinal remedies. In this study, the effects of Cetraria islandica and Pseudevernia furfuracae lichen species in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes were evaluated. Diabetic rats were treated with aqueous lichen extracts (250 and 500 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks starting at 72 h after STZ injection. On the 14th day, animals were anesthetized, and then metabolic and biochemical parameters were evaluated between control and treatment groups. Pancreatic histology and -cell mass were examined by hematoxylin and eosin and insulin immunohistochemistry stainings. Our findings revealed that these lichen species could be used safely in this dose range. In addition, C. islandica extracts showed prominent results compared to the doses of P. furfuracae extract for antioxidant capacity. However, the protectivity of C. islandica extract was inadequate against diabetes-induced pancreatic damages via forming oxidative stress. In conclusion, the usage of C. islandica might serve for early intervening in the risk reduction of type 1 diabetes.