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    Characterisation of wastes collected from beaches, coastlines, marine surface cleaning processes and ships: A case study of Istanbul
    (Sage Publications, 2019) Bilgili, Mehmet Sinan; Adar, Elanur; Yıldız, Şenol; Sezer, Kadir
    Marine waste management is crucial for Istanbul because of the significant location for intercontinental transition, international trade, tourism, industry and shipping. This study is the first one realised in Turkey for the detailed characterisation of marine waste. The amount and characteristics of solid wastes originating from beaches, coastlines, sea surface cleaning processes and ships (both cargo and cruise ships) were determined. It was observed that marine wastes includes a significant amount of recyclable materials. Although, it was ascertained that the amount and composition of waste differs according to the collecting sources, the majority of wastes are composed of different types of plastics. The average calorific value of marine waste was determined as 2500 kcalkg-1, which is higher than that of mixed municipal solid waste. There is a lack of studies on the pathways of disposal alternatives of marine waste after collection. As landfilling is the common pathway for disposal after collecting, it is clear that recycle/reuse and energy recovery options are possible for marine waste.
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    Characteristics of liquid products in supercritical water gasification of municipal sewage sludge by continuous flow tubular reactor
    (Springer, 2019) Adar, Elanur; İnce, Mahir; Bilgili, Mehmet Sinan
    Sewage sludge is a by-product of wastewater treatment, containing high water and organic content. Supercritical water gasification provides sustainable treatment for biomass sources such as sewage sludge. In this study, the effects of operating conditions (temperature, solid matter content and catalyst) and raw material properties on the resulting liquid products were determined in order to exhibit the success of this innovative technology for treatment and disposal of municipal sewage sludge using a continuous flow pilot-scale tubular reactor for the first time in Turkey. As a result of the study, it was determined that the higher the temperature, the higher the quality of the liquid product. TOC removal efficiencies increased from 84.4% to 99% with increasing the temperature from 450 to 650 °C, for 1% solid matter content. The pollutant concentrations in the liquid products increased by increasing the solid matter content of the raw sludge from 1 to 2%. This situation has been eliminated by the catalyst (KOH) addition, resulting in a very transparent liquid product. Additionally, TOC removal of 99.8% was obtained after addition of 2% catalyst. Thus, supercritical water gasification (SCWG) has been considered as a notable technology for the treatment and disposal of sewage sludge without the need of additional pre- or post-treatment.
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    Evaluation of development in supercritical water oxidation technology
    (Desalination Publ, 2019) Adar, Elanur; İnce, Mahir; Bilgili, Mehmet Sinan
    Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) has been an innovative technology for the treatment of aqueous and hazardous organic wastes for 35 years. The technology provides cleaner output products and energy recovery. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the latest state of SCWO, which is an innovative and promising technology, according to the information obtained from the lab-scale, pilot-scale and full-scale applications. The process has been extensively used mostly in laboratory or pilot scale plants for model and real wastewater treatment. Industrial SCWO plants have usually closed due to corrosion, clogging and high cost problems. In order to operate this innovative technology efficiently, the main suitable wastewater should be selected, appropriate reactor design should be used, more durable materials should be produced, efficient pre-treatment should be determined so as to decrease operating costs and technical solutions should be determined. Otherwise, SCWO studies may be limited to laboratory and R&D studies.
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    Prioritization of the treatment and disposal methods of wastes containing polychlorinated biphenyl by fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making and risk assessment
    (Springer, 2020) Adar, Elanur; Karatop, Buket; Bilgili, Mehmet Sinan; İnce, Mahir
    A total of 209 different types of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with various properties have been produced from 1930 to 1970s in which they have been banned due to their toxic effects. Total produced PCBs in the world are around 15 to 20 million tons, and up to now, 5.4 million tons of PCB-containing or PCB-contaminated equipment/materials has been eliminated. The remaining 10–15 million tons still needs to be removed or managed. Moreover, PCBs are pollutants still being unintentionally formed. These pollutants can be treated or disposed of various methods. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the selection of the treatment and disposal methods and their environmental, technological, cost, and social/ergonomic evaluation perspectives and the risk assessment during method selection. In this study, a projection was presented for the management of PCBs with an integrated multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM)-risk analysis focusing on these questions. Treatment (physical, chemical, biological) and disposal (incineration, landfill, supercritical water oxidation/gasification (SCWO/G), and pyrolysis/gasification) methods for the management of PCB-containing waste have been prioritized by fuzzy-analytical hierarchy process (F-AHP) in terms of environmental, technology, cost, and social/ergonomic criteria. Risk analysis was also made in terms of these criteria for considered alternatives, and compliance with risk and MCDM was evaluated. As a result of the study, priority methods among alternatives were determined as chemical treatment and SCWO/G. It has been determined that the weight values of the main criteria of environmental, technology, cost, and social/ergonomics were close to each other, but the emission criterion of the sub-criteria was determined to be of higher priority. In the risk analysis, chemical treatment and SCWO/G methods have been found to carry a more acceptable risk. Thus, it has been evaluated that these methods provide more superiority than other methods. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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    Supercritical water gasification of sewage sludge by continuous flow tubular reactor: A pilot scale study
    (Elsevier, 2020) Adar, Elanur; İnce, Mahir; Bilgili, Mehmet Sinan
    Treatment and disposal of sewage sludge constitute one of the major problems of wastewater treatment plants due to high water content and more stringent environmental regulations. Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) technology is accepted as a promising method for sustainable sludge disposal because of the elimination of need for costly water reduction and drying processes before disposal by conventional methods. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of temperature (450–650 °C), solid matter content (1–2%) and catalyst addition (0.5–2% KOH) on supercritical gasification of sewage sludge in a continuous-flow pilot scale tubular reactor. The results indicate that the gasification efficiency is generally temperature dependent. Furthermore, catalyst addition improves the gasification efficiency at high solids content. The produced gas contains 60% of H2 and 22% of CH4 at experimentally determined optimal conditions (650 °C, 2% solid matter content, 2% KOH). The resulting gas contains H2S and CO below detection limits and there is no need for additional treatment. Consequently, SCWG technology provides complete decomposition of organic matter in a short time, clean gas formation with higher energy content, and volumetric reduction compared to conventional methods.