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Öğe Determination of the factors affecting sleep quality in the general population during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic(Galenos Yayıncılık, 2021) Akkuş, Yeliz; Şahin, Süleyman; Kanbay, Yalçın; Erbaş, MustafaObjective: This study aimed to determine the factors affecting sleep quality in the general population during the early phase of the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study and included 595 people who were surveyed online. The data were collected through the "socio-demographic characteristics form", "Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index" and "Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale-7". Results: In this study, sleep quality among individuals was found to be poor, and as the level of generalised anxiety increased, sleep quality decreased. Sleep quality was found to be poor those living in urban areas and those with chronic diseases. Conclusion: The results of the study can be used to develop therapeutic strategies and implement social policies to support people with sleep difficulties.Öğe The effects of different processes on enzyme resistant starch content and glycemic index value of wheat flour and using this flour in biscuit production(Springer İndia, 2019) Candal, Cihadiye; Erbaş, MustafaEnzyme resistant starch (ERS) is a indigestible form of starch and it can behave like dietary fibre that are the indigestible food components essential for a healthy lifestyle. The aim of this study was to examine the changes of the ERS content of wheat flour with ultrasonication, at four different flour/water ratios (1/5, 1/10, 1/15 and 1/20), three different pH values (6.1, 5.5 and 4.5) and three different temperatures (80 degrees C, 100 degrees C and 121 degrees C). Furthermore, possibility of addition this flour in four different proportions (0%-control, 25%, 50% and 75%) for biscuit production as a dietary fibre source was also investigated. The applied processes increased the dark colour and water holding capacity, but decreased the moisture content of flour samples. The ERS content of wheat flour increased about 30-fold and the sample that had the highest ERS content (ERS-enriched flour) of 3.30% was produced at 121 degrees C (autoclaving), pH 6.1 and 1/15 flour/water ratio with ultrasonication. ERS-enriched flour had higher melting point and lower estimated glycemic index (eGI) value compared to the wheat flour. In biscuit production, the biscuits with medium eGI (61.82-67.31) was obtained and the increase of ERS-enriched flour proportion increased the ERS content of biscuits, decreased the eGI, hardness and fracturability. During storage, while the light colour and moisture content of biscuits increased; eGI, hardness and fracturability decreased. The biscuits were considered as sensory acceptable by panellists. As conclusion; the ERS-enriched flour can contribute to the production of the medium or low GI foods rich in carbohydrates.Öğe Expected glycemic impact and probiotic stimulating effects of whole grain flours of buckwheat, quinoa, amaranth and chia(Springer India, 2021) Arslan Tontul, Sultan; Candal Uslu, Cihadiye; Mutlu, Ceren; Erbaş, MustafaChia, amaranth, quinoa and buckwheat grains have been widely used in food formulations because of their high and balanced nutritional properties. Since all grains are not equally nutritious, there is a requirement for comparing the health-related effects and processing performance of a variety of whole grains. The expected glycemic index (eGI) flours of chia was determined to be quite low, and flours except quinoa can be classified as low GI foods. The highest resistant starch (RS) content (4.76 g/100 g) was found in amaranth flour, and it was followed by buckwheat (1.27 g/100 g). The amaranth had the highest stimulation effect on the growth of probiotics and increased the count of L. acidophilus and B. bifidum as 4.57 and 2.26 log CFU/ml, respectively. Moreover, chia flour showed a positive effect on the growth of L. acidophilus whereas it negatively affected B. bifidum compared to the control. A significant correlation was detected between rapidly available glucose content and eGI. On the other hand, a significant relationship between RS and the growth rate of probiotics was reported.Öğe Impact of inert and inhibitor baking atmosphere on HMF and acrylamide formation in bread(Elsevier, 2020) Gülcan, Ümmügülsüm; Candal Uslu, Cihadiye; Mutlu, Ceren; Arslan Tontul, Sultan; Erbaş, MustafaThe baking in N2 and CO2 atmosphere decreased by 50% the acrylamide, while this level was 99% in SO2. The highest acrylamide content was detected in the control sample as 39.03 µg/kg. Additionally, the lowest HMF content was determined in S-bread as 14.85 mg/kg. The baking atmosphere has a significant impact on L* and a* colour values of bread. The highest L* value was measured in S-bread as 71.2, whereas it was the lowest in the control sample as 49.1. According to the Pearson results, acrylamide showed a negative correlation between L* value. However, no correlation was detected between colour values and HMF. Acrylamide had a positive correlation with flavour, although it did not affect the taste features of bread. No correlation between HMF and sensory properties was determined. The result of the study suggested that inert or inhibitor baking atmosphere may help prevent the Maillard reactions in bakery products.Öğe The influence of cooking methods and some marinades on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation in beef meat(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2020) Büyükkurt Kılıç, Özlem; Aykın Dinçer, Elif; Burak Çam, İhsan; Candal, Cihadiye; Erbaş, MustafaThis study aimed to determine the effect of various marinades and their concentrations, as well as various cooking procedures, on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation in cooked beef. The PAH levels in meat were determined, based on the saponification of lipids by methanolic/potassium hydroxide solution, followed by liquid–liquid extraction and QuEChERS method. Pan frying caused lower levels of BaP (1.39 versus 1.62 µg/kg) and PAH4 (5.58 versus 5.73 µg/kg) in beef meat than barbecuing. For sage and thyme extracts prepared at 0.5 to 2.0 °Brix, a significant decrease in the PAH levels of barbecued meat samples was achieved compared to the controls. The levels of PAHs in the samples containing the commercial marinating material were found to be higher than those in the non-marinated control. The BaP and PAH4 levels found in the meat samples marinated with sage and thyme extracts, were below the EU maximum levels. However, BaP was the highest for Control 2 (2.26 µg/kg), and exceeded the EU maximum limit of 2 mg/kg for BaP in heat-treated meat and meat products. The results show a reducing effect of sage and thyme extracts that are normally used during marinating of meat, on the formation of PAH compounds. Consequently, the extracts of sage and thyme, could be used in the commercial marinating material to reduce the level of PAH compounds formed in meat during cooking.Öğe Microbiological and chemical properties of wet tarhana produced by different dairy products(Springer İndia, 2018) Arslan-Tontul, Sultan; Mutlu, Ceren; Candal, Cihadiye; Erbaş, MustafaThis study investigated the use of kefir, yogurt and their combination in the production of wet tarhana with an aim to increase the nutritional value of the end product. Along with microbiological and chemical properties, the volatile compound composition of wet tarhana was also evaluated. Wet tarhana revealed an increase in the lactic acid bacteria count (LAB) with the addition of kefir. After fermentation, counts of total yeast, LAB, and total mesophilic aerobic bacteria were 7.57, 8.26 and 7.64 log CFU/g, respectively. The values of pH and titratable acidity were measured as 4.78 and 4.68% in terms of lactic acid, respectively, at the end of fermentation. Lactic acid content increased from 3.31 to 10.82g/kg throughout fermentation. A total of 72 volatile compounds were recorded during fermentation and 44 of these were identified by GC-MS. The most abundant compounds identified in the tarhana samples were hexadecanoic acid and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid. Moreover, ABTS antioxidant activity results of all formulations were measured in the range of 15.86 and 19.31 mu mol TE/g at the end of fermentation and it was independent of the fermentation period.Öğe Modulating of food glycemic response by lactic acid bacteria(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Mutlu, Ceren; Candal Uslu, Cihadiye; Özhanlı, Hazal; Arslan Tontul, Sultan; Erbaş, MustafaThere are some strategies for modulating the glycemic response of food through synthesized metabolites such as organic acids, fatty acids, sugar alcohols, bioactive peptides, and exopolysaccharides by bacteria, yeast, and/or fungi during fermentation. The different species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are the most important option in fermented food production because they are considered food-grade, their products can be directly used in food, their usability of a cheap and wide range of substrate, and suitable for genetic modification. They can contribute to lowering the glycemic load of nutrition through their organic acid, alcohol, polysaccharides, and vitamin production. This study aimed to review the effects of lowering the glycemic responses of foods by LAB via metabolites produced and their contribution to human well-being in this way.Öğe A new gluten-free product: Brown rice bulgur, and its physical and chemical properties(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2020) Candal Uslu, Cihadiye; Mutlu, Ceren; Koç, Adnan; Bilgin, Duygu Gizem; Erbaş, MustafaIn this research, a new alternative food product, defined as brown rice bulgur (BRB), rich in functional components compared to white rice and cooked in a short time compared to brown rice was developed for society especially individuals with gluten intolerance and celiac disease. BRB was produced with two different methods as boiling (BRB-B) and steaming (BRB-S). The cooking time of raw brown rice decreased from 30 to 9 min in BRB samples. The phytic acid content of BRB samples decreased by about 15% and enzyme resistant starch content of BRB-B and BRB-S samples increased by about 9% and 21% compared to brown rice, respectively. The produced BRB samples were in the medium GI food group. In conclusion, it was evaluated that the newly developed BRB is superior than brown rice, white rice, and wheat bulgur in terms of short cooking time, lower GI, and being gluten-free, respectively. Practical applications: In this study, brown rice bulgur has been produced from brown rice, unpreferable by consumers due to its long cooking time, hard texture, and dark color, with wheat bulgur production method. This new food product includes the advantages of wheat bulgur such as resistivity to insect and mold activity because of applied high-temperature thermal process and drying process, but do not include the disadvantages of brown rice such as long cooking time. Additionally, it could be attention to some consumers because of being a new gluten-free product. The obtained data can help diversify this product in the food industry.Öğe Physicochemical, Thermal, and Sensory Properties of Blue Corn (Zea Mays L.)(Wiley, 2018) Mutlu, Ceren; Arslan-Tontul, Sultan; Candal, Cihadiye; Kılıç, Özlem; Erbaş, MustafaThe aim of this study was to investigate some physicochemical and sensory properties of blue corn cultivatedin Turkey. The length and width of the cob with kernels, hectoliter, and 1000-kernel weight of blue corn were measuredas 7.66, 2.02 mm, 84.40 kg/100 L, and 44.27 g, respectively. The gelatinization onset, peak, and end temperatures weremeasured as 61.12°C, 64.35°C, and 75.65°C, respectively. The water activity, moisture content, total protein, lipid,and crude fiber contents of the blue corn sample were detected as 0.44, 9.39%, 13.13%, 4.30%, and 2.68%, respectively.Total starch and resistant starch contents of blue corn were determined as 63.94% and 8.89%, respectively. Also, totalmonomeric anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity of blue corn were detected as 915.43 mg CGE/kg and7.99?mol TE/g, respectively. Additionally, the major fatty acids detected in blue corn samples were palmitic, stearic,oleic, and linoleic acidsÖğe The stages of candied chestnut production and the influence of the sorbitol used on their properties(Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2018) Candal, Cihadiye; Mutlu, Ceren; Tontul, S. Arslan; Erbaş, MustafaChestnut is a healthy and valuable food and it can be consumed in many different forms, such as fresh, boiled, roasted and also candied. The aim of this study was to examine the changes take place in all stages of candied chestnut production and the possibility of using sorbitol as a sugar substitute from a health perspective, as well. The obtained results ensured the detailed information in paring, boiling and sugar-dipping production processes and the determination of chestnut properties in them. Paring and boiling of chestnuts were carried out by the use of four different methods as are microwave, oven, microwave-oven combination and autoclave, and four different CaCl2 ratios as are 0 (control), 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%. Three different sugar syrups; sucrose, glucose and sorbitol, were used in sugar-dipping of chestnuts. The results of candied chestnuts were ranged between 10.42-11.53 g for kernel weight and 32.88-34.00, 26.13-27.00 and 20.75-21.75 mm for width, length and thickness, respectively. It was found that the hardness was between 3.34-3.44 kg and the L*, a* and b* values were between 39.35-46.04, 5.88-6.64 and 24.15-27.69, respectively. The moisture content, water activity, pH, titratable acidity and enzyme resistant starch content were determined between 25.72-27.08%, 0.82-0.88, 6.67-6.88, 0.04-0.05% and 1.20-1.56%, respectively. Candied chestnuts produced by the use of sorbitol were considered to be well sensory acceptable by panellists.
