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    Immobilization of potentially toxic elements (PTE) by mineral-based amendments: Remediation of contaminated soils in post-industrial sites
    (MDPI AG, 2020) Radziemska, Maja; Bȩś, Agnieszka; Gusiatin, Zygmunt Mariusz; Majewski, Grzegorz; Mazur, Zbigniew; Bilgin, Ayla; Jaskulska, Iwona; Brtnicky, Martin
    In many post-industrial sites, the high contents and high mobility of different potentially toxic elements (PTEs) make the soils unsuitable for effective management and use. Therefore, immobilization of PTE seems to be the best remediation option for such areas. In the present study, soil samples were collected in post-industrial areas in Northeastern Poland. The analyzed soil was characterized by especially high contents of Cd (22 mg·kg?1), Pb (13 540 mg·kg?1), and Zn (8433 mg·kg?1). Yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.) and two types of mineral-based amendments were used to determine their combined remediation effect on PTE immobilization. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of chalcedonite and halloysite on plant growth, chlorophyll a fluorescence, the leaf greenness index (SPAD), PTE uptake, and the physicochemical properties and toxicity of soil. The application of chalcedonite resulted in the greatest increase in soil pH, whereas halloysite contributed to the greatest reduction in the contents of Ni, Pb, Zn, and Cr in soil, compared with the control treatment. The addition of halloysite significantly increased plant biomass. The application of mineral-based amendments increased the ratio of variable fluorescence to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) in yellow lupine leaves. The leaf greenness index was highest in plants growing in soil amended with chalcedonite. The results of this study suggest that mineral-based amendments combined with yellow lupine could potentially be used for aided phytostabilization of multi-PTE contaminated soil in a post-industrial area.
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    Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in urea solution in laboratory tests and field experiments with crops and vegetables
    (MDPI, 2022) Jaskulski, Dariusz; Jaskulska, Iwona; Majewska, Joanna; Radziemska, Maja; Bilgin, Ayla; Brtnicky, Martin
    Nanotechnology and nanomaterials, including silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), are increas-ingly important in modern science, economics, and agriculture. Their biological activity involvesinfluencing plant health, physiological processes, growth, and yields, although they can also be toxicin the environment. A new fertiliser was made based on a urea solution with a relatively low contentof AgNPs obtained by the reduction of silver nitrate V. Laboratory tests were used to assess theeffect of a fertiliser solution containing 10 ppm AgNPs on the germination of agricultural plant seeds(barley, peas, oilseed rape) and vegetables (radish, cucumber, lettuce) and its foliar application onchlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and seedling biomass. Field experiments were conductedto assess the effect that a foliar application of 15 ppm AgNPs in working liquid had on physiologicalplant parameters and yields of rape and cucumber. The AgNPs in the tested fertiliser reducedinfestation of the germinating seeds by pathogens and positively affected the physiological processes,productivity, and yields of plants. Plant response depended on plant species and habitat conditions.Reduced pathogen infestation of seeds, higher germination energy, increased chlorophyll content andstomatal conductance, and higher seedling masses all occurred under the influence of AgNPs, mainlyin oilseed rape and cucumber, and especially under thermal stress. The beneficial effect of AgNPson the yield of these plants occurred in years of unfavourable weather conditions. The positiveagricultural test results, especially under stress conditions, indicate that fertiliser produced withAgNPs as an ingredient may reduce the use of pesticides and highly concentrated mineral fertilisers.Such a fertiliser is fully in line with the idea of sustainable agriculture. However, research on theeffects that AgNPs and fertiliser have on the environment and humans should continue.