Ali Nihat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi

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https://hdl.handle.net/11494/4313

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Potential Use of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin in biological control of Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
(BÜLENT VEREP, 2025) Tekiner Aydın, Nasibe; Tozlu, Elif; Tozlu, Göksel
The use of entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents against storage pests has become an effective method to reduce postharvest losses. This study aimed to determine the insecticidal effect of Beauveria bassiana, an important entomopathogenic fungus, on Sitophilus zeamais adults, known as the most important storage pest in maize. B. bassiana ET 10 isolate prepared in three different spore suspensions (106 , 107 and 108 conidia/ml + Tween 80 (0.02%)) was applied to S. zeamais adults by the spraying method. The experiment was set up in three replicates according to the randomized plot design. For each suspension, one experimental group was set with corn grains and 10 adult S. zeamais adults, the number of dead insects was recorded every 24 hours and the data was recorded until the conclusion 264 hours. As a result of the application, mortality were observed in all suspensions from the first 24 hours, reaching 100% in the 108 conidia/ml suspension at the 144th hour. At the end of 264 hours, the mortality rates were recorded as 26.7% for 106 conidia/ml, 36.7% for 107 conidia/ml, 100% for 108 conidia/ml. The most effective dose among the application suspensions was determined to be 108 conidia/ml. It has been proven that B. bassiana ET 10 isolate can be used as a potential bioagent as an alternative in the biological control of S. zeamais and that biological control with entomopathogenic fungi can be a correct and positive strategy.
Honey plants of Artvin (Türkiye)
(Ersin YÜCEL, 2025) Akyıldırım Beğen, Hayal; Eminağaoğlu, Özgür; Aslan, Bahar
In this study, information about nectar and pollen plants crucial in beekeeping activities in Artvin province is presented. The aim of the research is to identify, introduce, and highlight the floristic richness of honey plants in the vicinity of Artvin province for beekeeping purposes. Through the examination of related studies, 789 plant taxa belonging to 355 genera and 91 families that honey bees (Apis mellifera) can benefit from were identified. 90 taxon were determined only within the scope of this study. The scientific and Turkish names, habitats, and active flowering periods important for bees were provided for these identified taxa. Lamiaceae are the largest families represented by 78 taxa each, followed by Rosaceae with 65 taxa, Asteraceae with 63 taxa, Fabaceae with 58 taxa and Apiaceae with 33 taxa. Moreover, it was determined that 600 out of the 789 plant taxa that can be used as nectar and pollen sources. This study provides information about the distribution in Artvin province, their respective families, Latin and Turkish names, districts where they are found, habitats, and active flowering periods for some plants crucial for beekeeping. Due to the absence of chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and other chemical substances for weed and pest control, the region holds significant potential for organic honey production. The high-quality organic honey produced in the region is in demand nationwide, enabling beekeepers to generate substantial income from honey production.
Assessing the chemical profile and biological potentials of Tamarix smyrnensis flower extracts using different solvents by in vitro, in silico, and network methodologies
(Public Library of Science, 2025) Aytar, Erdi Can; Torunoğlu, Emine İncilay; Gümrükçüoğlu, Abidin; Al-Farraj, Saleh; Durmaz, Alper; Sillanpää, Mika
This study evaluated the antioxidant properties, phytochemical content, and protein interactions of Tamarix smyrnensis flower extracts prepared with different solvents (methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate). The antioxidant activities were assessed using the DPPH, metal chelation, and CUPRAC assays. Ethanol extracts exhibited the strongest radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀=25.15 µg/mL), while methanol extracts showed superior metal chelation (49.84mg/mL) and reducing power (IC₅₀=35.95 µg/mL). HPLC analysis identified key bioactive compounds, with p-coumaric acid, catechin, and gallic acid being the most abundant phenolics and flavonoids across the extracts. Methanol extracts were rich in 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (2253.9mg/L) and catechin (6974.4mg/L). Molecular interaction predictions using the STITCH database revealed that phenolic compounds such as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, catechin, and p-coumaric acid have significant interactions with proteins involved in antioxidant defence, including COQ2 and HMOX1. STRING-based protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis further highlighted a network of proteins involved in mitochondrial function and oxidative stress response, suggesting that T. smyrnensis phenolics could modulate these pathways. Molecular docking studies confirmed that chlorogenic acid and catechin showed strong binding affinities with the antioxidant-related protein PTGS2, indicating their potential as therapeutic agents. The findings emphasise the significant antioxidant potential of T. smyrnensis flower extracts, driven by their rich phytochemical content and promising bioactivity, offering a foundation for future therapeutic applications targeting oxidative stress-related diseases.
Photodynamic and cytotoxic activities of Onosma aucheriana extract: Molecular interactions and antioxidant potential
(Elsevier GmbH, 2025) Çalışkan, Metin; Çalışkan, Sercin Ozlem; Torunoğlu, Emine İncilay; Aytar, Erdi Can; Durmaz, Alper
Introduction: This study investigates the anticancer, photodynamic, antioxidant efficiency and molecular interaction profiles of Onosma aucheriana methanol extract. Method: The cell viability of normal (HEK293) and gastric cancer (MKN28) cell lines was evaluated using IC50 values, including photodynamic activity under green light. Antioxidant potential was assessed through DPPH radical scavenging, while phytochemical contents were quantified spectrophotometrically. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis identified major compounds, and molecular docking studies explored their interactions with target proteins. Results: Cell viability assays showed a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability, with IC50 values of 1036 μg/mL for HEK293 and 951.8 μg/mL for MKN28. To assess photodynamic activity, green light was used, revealing IC50 values of 56.62 μg/mL for normal cells and 32.53 μg/mL for cancer cells. A more pronounced reduction in cell viability was observed in cancer cells compared to normal cells. However, it demonstrates significant photodynamic activity at a concentration approximately 1/18th of the IC50 value for normal cells and about 1/29th of the IC50 value for cancer cells. The extract, with a DPPH radical scavenging IC₅₀ value of 154.15 ± 1.04 µg/mL, exhibits strong antioxidant activity, which is greater than that of BHT (230 ± 10 µg/mL). The total flavanol, flavonoid, phenolic, proanthocyanidin, and tannin contents are quantified as 24.30 ± 1.23 mg QE/g, 32.96 ± 3.23 mg QE/g, 6.31 ± 0.79 mg GAE/g, 83.41 ± 12.95 mg CAE/g, and 27.32 ± 2.30 mg GAE/g, respectively. GC–MS analysis reveals inositol (30.47 %), 4-((1E)‑hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol (23.04 %), 3-amino-2,6-dimethylpyridine (7.41 %), and 3-buten-2-one, 4-(4‑hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0] hept‑1-yl) (5.99 %) as major components. Molecular docking studies reveal that 3-buten-2-one, 4-(4‑hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0] hept‑1-yl) exhibits strong binding interactions with BAF complex (6LTJ), inositol shows substantial hydrogen bonding, and 4-((1E)‑hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol demonstrates significant binding with several receptors. Conclusion: The O. aucheriana extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity and a novel photodynamic cytotoxic effect that became prominent under green light exposure. These findings suggest that the extract may possess versatile therapeutic potential.
Biological control of crown gall in GF677 rootstock and changes in antioxidant enzyme activities
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Tekiner Aydın, Nasibe; Kotan, Recep
Biological control agents are bacteria that are used to control plant diseases by providing direct biocontrol of pathogens and/or by stimulating the plant’s defense system. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of the five most effective bioagent bacteria to control crown gall on GF677 rootstock, to characterize their biocontrol and plant growth-promoting properties, and to assess the defense-related antioxidant enzyme activities. Bioefficacy tests of bioagent bacteria were carried out for root and stem treatments on GF677 rootstock according to a randomized plot design with five replications and one rootstock in each replication. Three different groups were created as controls. After ~6 months, the number of tumors formed on the roots and the diameter of the tumors formed on the stem were examined. According to the results, the commercial product Nogall had the highest effect in root treatments, followed by strain RK 1 B + 1978. In stem treatments, the lowest tumor diameter was observed with strain 1 B + RK1978. Strain RK 1978 synthesized chitinase, phytase, amylase, protease, and cellulase enzymes but could not synthesize hydrogen cyanide, salicylic acid, and siderophores. The amount of antioxidant enzymes with root and stem treatments in rootstocks increased compared to the control group without any treatment. Molecular analysis identified strain RK 1978 as Bacillus subtilis. Thus, biological control with B. subtilis strain RK 1978 is recommended as a new ecofriendly candidate for the management of crown gall disease.
Arenaria serpyllifolia as a natural antiviolaceum agent: Phytochemical, biological, and molecular approaches
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2025) Külahcı, Meryem Burcu; Aydın, Betül; İncilay Torunoğlu, Emine; Düzgün, Zekeriya; Durmaz, Alper; Aytar, Erdi Can
This study investigates the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antiquorum sensing activities of Arenaria serpyllifolia extract. A methanolic extract from the plant's above-ground parts is prepared via maceration. The extract exhibits strong antioxidant properties (DPPH IC50: 355.54 ± 20.62 μg mL−1) and iron chelating ability (IC50: 5.30 ± 4.44 mg mL−1). Total flavonoid and phenolic contents are 75.15 ± 2.73 mg quercetin equivalent g−1 and 150.83 ± 11.24 mg gallic acid equivalent g−1, respectively. Antimicrobial tests show notable activity against Chromobacterium violaceum (minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) < 5 mg mL−1). Antibiofilm effects are significant with 82.52% and 81.32% inhibition at MIC and sub-MIC levels. The extract also inhibits violacein production in the C. violaceum CV12472 strain (90.76% at MIC). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identifies seven major compounds, including allyl isothiocyanate and levoglucosan. Molecular docking reveals levoglucosan as the most potent CviR receptor binder (−6.8 kcal mol−1). These interactions suggest possible quorum sensing inhibition via antagonism. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm the stability of the ligand–receptor complexes, highlighting guanosine and levoglucosan as promising leads for drug development.
Investigation of the antioxidant, antibiofilm, and endocrine-disrupting potential of amaranthus retroflexus methanol extract used as food: Network and molecular docking analyses
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2025) Aytar, Mehmet; İncilay Torunoğlu, Emine; Aytar, Erdi Can; Durmaz, Alper; Aydın, Betül; Gümrükçüoğlu, Abidin
ABSTRACT: This study aims to investigate the antioxidant and iron chelating activities; phytochemical composition; and profile, antibiofilm activity, in silico molecular docking, and network analysis of the methanol extract of Amaranthus retroflexus. The extract showed an IC₅₀ value of 3.50 mg/mL in the DPPH assay and 6.61 mg/mL in the iron-chelating assay. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined as 30.54 mg GAE/g DW and 29.28 mg QE/g DW, respectively. Antibiofilm tests revealed 7% inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while biofilm formation increased by 10% in Staphylococcus aureus 25923. HPLC analysis identified key bioactive compounds, including ascorbic acid, gallic acid, vanillic acid, rosmarinic acid, oleuropein, rutin, and quercetin. Macroelement analysis indicated high potassium and magnesium levels, highlighting the plant's nutritional potential. In the in silico endocrine-disrupting analysis, compounds such as ascorbic acid, vanillic acid, and quercetin exhibited a low-risk profile, while rosmarinic acid, gallic acid, and baicalin demonstrated moderate binding potential with specific receptors. Molecular docking studies demonstrate that oleuropein, rutin, and baicalin exhibit strong binding affinity with target proteins. Network analysis has identified key biological pathways related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune modulation, highlighting the roles of rutin and oleuropein in managing P. aeruginosa infections. Following the network analysis, molecular docking studies reveal that oleuropein and rutin have an even stronger binding affinity with target proteins. Practical Application: The findings of this study suggest that Amaranthus retroflexus extract may serve as a natural source of antioxidant and iron-chelating agents, as well as bioactive compounds with potential roles in managing bacterial biofilm formation. Due to its phytochemical richness and essential mineral content, the extract could be further explored in the development of plant-based supplements, functional foods, or natural preservatives. This research provides a foundation for future studies focused on safe and sustainable health-supporting products.
Molecular docking analyses on the chemical profile and antioxidant potential of Cakile maritima using GC–MS and HPLC
(Nature Research, 2025) Aytar, Erdi Can; İncilay Torunoglu, Emine; Gümrükçüoğlu, Abidin; Durmaz, Alper; Al-Farraj, Saleh; Sillanpää, Mika
This study investigates the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and potential biological applications of the methanol extract obtained from the above ground of Cakile maritima. Antioxidant analyses revealed DPPH IC₅₀ = 642.52 ± 29.68 mg/mL, FRAP radical scavenging activity = 1093.89 ± 17.68 mg/mL, and ferrous ion chelation activity IC₅₀ = 68.51 ± 1.53 mg/mL. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined as 32.23 ± 1.97 mg GAE/g and 32.02 ± 5.64 mg QE/g, respectively. GC–MS analysis identified significant compounds such as 1H-imidazole, 4,5-dimethyl (9.94%) and dianhydromannitol (8.84%), highlighting their antioxidant and biomedical potential. Phenolic profiling was performed using HPLC, revealing dominant compounds such as gallic acid (407.93 mg/L) and pyrogallol (579.9 mg/L), while rutin (219.6 mg/L) emerged as the most abundant flavonoid. Molecular docking studies indicated that rutin is the strongest inhibitor of the target protein (ΔG = -9.1 kcal/mol, Ki = 0.00467 μM), supported by its strong binding interactions. Acute toxicity evaluations revealed low to moderate toxicity for most compounds, with dianhydromannitol showing higher toxicity (LD₅₀ = 8 mg/kg). Cytotoxicity predictions demonstrated significant antitumor potential of compounds such as pyridine, dianhydromannitol, and 1H-imidazole, 4,5-dimethyl against various cancer cell lines, including brain gliomas and colon adenocarcinomas. These findings highlight the rich chemical diversity and promising therapeutic potential of C. maritima extract.
Phytochemical analysis, radical scavenging activity, and molecular docking studies of heliotropium sibiricum (L.) J.I.M.melo
(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2025) Durmaz, Alper; Aytar, Erdi Can; Aydın, Betül; İncilay Torunoğlu, Emine; Solmaz, Fatma Gönül; Viana, Altevir Rossato; Çolak, Ayşen Melda; Flores, Erico Marlon Moraes
This study explores the phytochemical profile and molecular docking properties of Heliotropium sibiricum (L.) J.I.M.Melo, as detailed in Kew Bull. 77: 970 (2022). Antioxidant assays revealed strong radical scavenging activity (DPPH: 0.14 ± 0.02 μg/mL) and moderate iron chelation capacity (4.23 ± 0.99 mg/mL). The extract exhibited high phenolic (393.79 ± 30.14 μg/mL) and flavonoid (50.76 ± 1.40 μg/mL) contents. Enzymatic antioxidant assays showed notable activities: MDA (0.2141 ± 0.0047 μM), CAT (426 ± 14.73 U/mg), PO (8.366 ± 0.15 U/mg), SOD (53.13 ± 1.41 U/mg), and Mn-SOD (7.63 ± 0.31 U/mg). GC–MS analysis identified major compounds including pyrrolidine (15.08%), neophytadiene (9.40%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid (9.75%), and 2-pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl- (7.19%). Molecular docking revealed binding energies ranging from −3.4 to −5.2 kcal/mol, with 1,2-cyclohexanedimethanol showing the strongest interaction. These results demonstrate the plant's significant antioxidant potential and suggest that its bioactive constituents may serve as promising candidates for pharmacological development.
Regulatory effects of betonica macrantha extract, known as mountain tea, on miRNA expression and Its pharmacokinetic properties
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2025) Sarı, Muhammed Emin; İncilay Torunoğlu, Emine; Sarı, Zeynep Betül; Aytar, Erdi Can; Gümrükçüoğlu, Abidin; Durmaz, Alper; Demirel, Gamze
The aim of this study is to investigate the anticancer potential of Betonica macrantha extract on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, its regulatory effects on miRNA expression, the content analysis of its phytochemical components, and the roles of these compounds in the regulation of miRNA expression through pathways, as well as to examine its pharmacokinetic profiles. The B. macrantha plant was extracted with methanol. The obtained extracts were analyzed for phytochemical components using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) techniques. Biological activity was assessed using the MTT assay on the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, while miRNA expression was measured by RT-PCR. Pharmacokinetic properties were calculated using ADMETSAR3 software, and molecular interactions were investigated through AutoDock Vina simulations. GC–MS analysis of B. macrantha extract identified 42 volatile compounds, with 1S-α-pinene, humulene, and caryophyllene being the most abundant. HPLC-DAD analysis detected 18 bioactive compounds, including catechin, oleuropein, and rutin. The extract inhibited the viability of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 0.8 mg/mL. Furthermore, upregulation of miR-19, miR-20a, miR-126, and miR-200c miRNAs was observed in MDA-MB-231 cells, while these miRNAs were downregulated in healthy cells. ADMET analysis revealed that α-pinene, caryophyllene, and catechin exhibited high bioavailability, absorption, and distribution properties, while oleuropein and rutin showed limited absorption and bioavailability. Molecular docking studies demonstrated the potential binding interactions of these compounds with key target proteins involved in cancer progression. Consequently, B. macrantha presents significant potential as a valuable natural source for cancer therapy through its anticancer activity, modulation of miRNA expression, and interaction with cancer-associated proteins.
In vitro, anti-colon cancer activity of green dumbbell-shaped rhododendron luteum-based carbon dots
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2025) Durmaz, Alper; Mizan Kahyaoğlu, İbrahim; Can Aytar, Erdi; DanışmaSert, Esran Kalındemirtaş, Ferdane; Erol Bozkurt, Ayşe; Karakuş, Selcan
Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and the third most common cancer overall. In this study, we investigate the anti-colon cancer potential of phytochemically, and thermally synthesised novel green carbon dots based on Rhododendron luteum (RL-CDs). A new synthesis method was used to produce carbon dots obtained from the Rhododendron luteum (RL) plant in an environmentally friendly manner. The green RL were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and artificial intelligence (AI)-based TEM analysis. The FTIR spectrum showed peaks corresponding to the hydroxyl (−OH) vibration of polyphenols at 3500 cm⁻¹, the C=O vibration of cellulose derivatives at 1728 cm⁻¹, and the C−O stretching of primary alcohol at 1041 cm⁻¹. Two UV absorption peaks at roughly 253 nm (UV−C range), and 320 nm (UV−B range) were observed. The size of the green RL was measured to be less than 50 nm, and its morphology was characterized as dumbbell-shaped through TEM analysis. In-vitro studies were performed with HCT116 colon cancer, MCF-7 breast cancer, and normal HUVEC cells. The results demonstrated that the RL-CDs exhibited selective cytotoxic activity against HCT116 colon cancer cells. The results show that the RL extract stimulates cancer cell death by decreasing the CD44/24 ratio, and increasing apoptotic activity. These observations suggest that green RL-CDs could be an effective anticancer agent in colon cancer therapy, investigating their potential in this direction could be a promising way for future research.
Anticancer potential of bellardia trixago quantum dots: Cytotoxic effects on various cancer cell lines
(Academic Press Inc., 2025) Aytar, Erdi Can; Sarı, Zeynep Betul; Sarı, Muhammet Emin; Durmaz, Alper; İncilay Torunoğlu, Emine; Gümrükçüoğlu, Abidin
This study investigates the synthesis, characterization, and anticancer effects of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) derived from Bellardia trixago. The CQDs were analyzed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). TEM results revealed that the CQDs have a spherical morphology and exhibit a layered structure. XRD analysis showed a graphite-like crystalline structure, while FTIR and XPS studies confirmed the presence of OH, C[dbnd]C, and C[sbnd]O functional groups on the surface. The biological activity of CQDs demonstrated selective cytotoxicity, inducing significant cell death in cancer cells while exhibiting low toxicity in healthy cells. More pronounced morphological changes were observed in HEp-2 and SaOS-2 cells, while HEK-293 cells showed negligible changes. These findings suggest that quantum dots could serve as a potential alternative for cancer treatment.
Antioxidant potential, selective cytotoxicity, and molecular docking insights of maresia nana methanol extract against A549 cancer cells
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2025) Demirel, Gamze; incilay Torunoğlu, Emine; Aytar, Erdi Can; Sarı, Zeynep Betul; Sarı, Muhammet Emin; Durmaz, Alper
In this study, the antioxidant activity, phenolic content, and cytotoxicity of the above-ground parts of Maresia nana were evaluated using various assays. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging test, yielding an IC₅₀ value of 90.55 ± 11.14 mg mL⁻¹. The total flavanol content of the extract was 0.41 ± 0.01 mg QE/g, the total flavonoid content was 29.26 ± 1.88 mg QE/g, and the total phenolic content was 29.76 ± 2.64 mg GAE/g, indicating significant antioxidant properties and richness in phytochemical compounds. Additionally, GC-MS analysis identified eight bioactive compounds in the methanol extract of M. nana. The extract demonstrated 58.50 ± 3.5% cytotoxicity in A549 cells at the highest dose, while it increased proliferation in HEK293 cells, indicating selective cytotoxicity toward cancer cells. Furthermore, the binding affinities and interactions of two small-molecule ligands, Acridin-1(2H)-one, 3,4-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-9-propylamino- and Androsta-3,5-diene-3,17-diol diacetate, with the Ras protein were investigated. Acridin-1(2H)-one showed a binding energy of −5.1 kcal mol⁻¹, while Androsta-3,5-diene-3,17-diol diacetate demonstrated a stronger binding affinity with a binding energy of −5.5 kcal mol⁻¹. In conclusion, the M. nana extract's antioxidant and phenolic profiles support its potential health benefits, and its selective cytotoxic effects on cancer cells suggest its promise for cancer therapy. Additionally, the binding characteristics of the ligands provide valuable insights for future drug development strategies.
Antioxidant and preservative effects of epilobium angustifolium extract in beef burgers products: Physicochemical properties, color stability, lipid oxidation, and molecular docking analyses
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2025) Dilek, Nazik Meziyet; Gümrükçüoğlu, Abidin; Demirel, Gamze; Durmaz, Alper; İncilay Torunoğlu, Emine; Aytar, Erdi Can; Ünal, Kübra
Consumers are increasingly seeking natural alternatives to synthetic preservatives in meat products. This study evaluated the effects of willow E. angustifolium extract on beef burgers' physicochemical properties, color stability, and lipid oxidation during refrigerated storage. The extract demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, with a total phenolic content of 1263.48 mg GAE/L and a total flavonoid content of 278.43 mg CE/L. The pH values of the beef burgers decreased over time, with significant effects on Days 4 and 8 in the treated groups, except T1. The color properties, including lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*), were affected by the plant extract, with 1 g and 3 g concentrations leading to darker and redder hues. Moreover, adding 9 g extract led to discoloration due to increased b* values. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances analysis showed increased lipid oxidation, with the T3 group (9 g extract) exhibiting higher values, suggesting a prooxidant effect at higher concentrations. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis identified a range of phytochemicals, including α-pinene and β-thujone, which contributed to the complex, volatile profile of the extract. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed the presence of significant phenolic compounds, such as ascorbic acid and gallic acid, with high antioxidant potential. Molecular docking studies indicated that gallic acid exhibited a moderate binding affinity with the target protein 9R-lipoxygenase (5EK8), followed by β-thujone and α-pinene, suggesting their potential as bioactive compounds in food preservation. The results provide insights into the functional potential of E. angustifolium extract as a natural antioxidant and preservative in meat products.
Zero-waste production of copper nanoparticles and activated carbon from erigeron canadensis l.: A sustainable approach for environmental and health applications
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2025) Aytar, Erdi Can; Basılı, Taşkın; Durmaz, Alper; Aydın, Betül; Seyfeli, Rukan Can; Kahyaoğlu, İbrahim Mizan; Karakuş, Selcan
This study presents a novel, zero-waste process for producing copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), activated carbons (ACs), and oil extract (OE) from a plant Erigeron canadensis L. in Sp. Pl.: 863 (1753). This method optimizes resource utilization and eliminates waste, offering a sustainable approach to green synthesis. The NPs were characterized using XRD, SEM, and FTIR. Their effectiveness was evaluated through comparative studies on methylene blue removal, antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial activity. The prepared OE exhibited superior antibacterial properties, particularly against Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae ATCC 13883 (inhibition zone: 19 ± 0 mm) and Proteus vulgaris RSKK 96029 (inhibition zone: 18.7 ± 0.6 mm). The AC demonstrated exceptional dye adsorption efficiency, ranging from 98.62% to 99.50%. Antioxidant tests revealed that CuNPs possessed strong antioxidant capacity, with an IC50 of 0.023 ± 0.002 mg/mL in the DPPH radical scavenging test and 0.41 ± 0.07 mg/mL in the iron chelation test. The OE demonstrated lower DPPH scavenging capacity (0.43 ± 0.01) but significant iron-chelating ability (41.94 ± 1.06). In comparison, standard antioxidants EDTA and BHT showed lower effectiveness in their respective tests. These experimental findings underscore the potential of this green approach for bio zero-waste-derived products in environmental and biomedical applications, highlighting its broad applicability.
Contribution of metabolic and physiological research for future conservation efforts of Himantoglossum Spreng. (Orchidaceae) species
(Elsevier GmbH, 2025) Aytar, Erdi Can; Durmaz, Alper; İncedere Uysal, Demet; Şentürk, Bengisu; Harzli, İnes; Basılı, Taşkın; Özdener Kömpe, Yasemin; Deniz, İsmail Gökhan
This study aimed to examine the morphological characteristics and chemical compositions of seeds from five Himantoglossum (Himantoglossum calcaratum (Beck) Schltr., Himantoglossum caprinum (M.Bieb.) Spreng., Himantoglossum comperianum (Steven) P.Delforge, Himantoglossum montis-tauri Kreutz & W.Lüders and Himantoglossum robertianum (Loisel.) P.Delforge) species. Himantoglossum Spreng. is a unique genus of orchids found mostly in Europe, North Africa, and western Asia. It includes around 9 recognised species, although this number may change with further research. These orchids typically grow in Mediterranean areas, favouring calcareous soils. They are often found in open woodlands, grasslands, and scrublands. Himantoglossum species are easily recognised by their large, uniquely shaped central petals (lip), which give the flowers a striking appearance. The flowers are usually a mix of purple, pink, and white colours designed to attract various pollinators. Key features of this genus include their long flower racemes and petals that twist or spiral, setting them apart from other orchids. Each species group consisted of fifty seeds, which underwent size, embryo dimensions, and chemical composition analyses. Chemical analyses were conducted to identify the characteristic chemical compounds in the studied Himantoglossum taxa and to compare these compounds with those found in closely related species. These analyses aim to provide a deeper understanding of the chemical profiles of each taxon, offering valuable data to clarify their phylogenetic relationships. By highlighting species-specific chemical markers, the study seeks to strengthen the taxonomic distinctions between species and contribute to a more precise and reliable classification within the genus. Infrared spectroscopy and GC-MS analysis were used for these analyses. The infrared spectroscopy results showed that seeds from Himantoglossum species exhibited overall similarities, but variations in absorbance values were observed at specific wavelengths. Notably, H. montis-tauri exhibited distinct characteristics compared to other species. Furthermore, GC-MS analyses revealed differences in chemical composition among the species. Each species contained specific chemical compounds, accounting for observed variations. H. robertianum contained unique compounds, such as methoxyacetic acid benzyl ester (0.25%), H. caprinum contained diethyl phthalate (0.75%), H. comperianum had trimethylsilyl methaneperoxoate (3.29%), hydrazinecarbothioamide (1.93%), 2-methyl eicosane (0.26%), cyclosativene (0.53%), and octadecenoic acid methyl ester (0.50%). Meanwhile, H. montis-tauri contained specific compounds, including dimethoxymethyl silane (2.34%), hydracrylic acid hydrazide (1.93%), β-longipinene (1.42%), and 3-butoxy-1,1,1,7,7,7-hexamethyl-3,5,5-tris(trimethylsiloxy)tetrasiloxane (0.58%). In conclusion, this study elucidates differences and similarities in seed morphology and chemical composition among Himantoglossum species. Findings from seed morphologies and chemical contents were used to interpret the distribution ecology of the species and the morphological differences used in their distinction. These findings contribute to understanding interspecies relationships and adaptations, highlighting the potential utility of Himantoglossum species' chemical profiles in species identification and taxonomic research.
Combined anticancer effects of Chamaecytisus hirsutus extract and photodynamic therapy in Gastric cancer cells
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2025) Çalışkan, Metin; Çalışkan, Serçin Özlem; İncilay Torunoğlu, Emine; Durmaz, Alper; Düzgün, Zekeriya; Aytar, Erdi Can
The particular plant found in Türkiye, Chamaecytisus hirsutus;(Fabaceae), has no studies examining its biological effects. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition, chemical profile, antioxidant activity, xanthine oxidase inhibition, anticancer effects, and photodynamic therapy potential of C. hirsutus methanol extract. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified important compounds such as laminitol (28.74%), quinolinic acid (20.23%), and 2-(1,3-Dioxan-2-yl) ethanol (17.27%). The IC50 value of the extract in the DPPH assay was 378.77 ± 4.70 mg/mL, demonstrating significant antioxidant activity. The xanthine oxidase inhibition was found to be 45.75 ± 2.59%, indicating significant free radical scavenging activity. The total phenolic, flavonoid, flavanols, and tannin contents were determined to be 35.14 ± 2.60 mg GAE/g extract, 12.90 ± 0.27 mg QE/g extract, 20.67 ± 0.81 mg QE/g extract, and 2.49 ± 0.12 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. The extract reduced the viability of MKN28 cancer cells by approximately 85% at a concentration of 0.4 mg/mL, demonstrating significant anticancer activity. Combination therapy with photodynamic therapy further enhanced the cytotoxic effect. Additionally, the binding affinities of these compounds with the 1GUX target protein were evaluated using molecular docking, and 4-Methyl-2-pentadecyl-1,3-dioxolane and Laminitol were determined as the strongest inhibitors with binding energies of −6.9 kcal/mol and −6.1 kcal/mol, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of these interactions, with 4-Methyl-2-pentadecyl-1,3-dioxolane emerging as the compound with the strongest binding affinity. These findings suggest that C. hirsutus extract has the potential to be a powerful anticancer agent when used in photodynamic therapy.
Molecular docking targeting biofilm and quorum sensing modulation: Antimicrobial potential of Salsola tragus
(Springer Nature, 2025) Külahcı, Meryem Burcu; Aydın, Betül; Aytar, Erdi Can; Çalışkan, Metin; Durmaz, Alper
This study explores the antimicrobial properties and molecular docking analysis of compounds derived from Salsola tragus, highlighting their potential as bioactive agents. The antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract of S. tragus was assessed against a range of bacterial and yeast strains using the microdilution method. The results revealed significant inhibitory effects, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values ranging from < 6.25 to > 50 mg/mL, indicating that the extract possesses considerable antimicrobial efficacy. Additionally, the extract demonstrated substantial biofilm inhibition against biofilm-forming strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, reducing biofilm formation concentration-dependently. Molecular docking studies were performed to predict the interaction between the bioactive compounds of S. tragus and the LasR-OC12 HSL complex of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PDB ID: 3IX3). Key compounds such as 1,8-Diazacyclotetradecane-2,7-dione, phytane, ethyl oleate, and linoleic acid ethyl ester displayed notable binding affinities, with 1,8-Diazacyclotetradecane-2,7-dione exhibiting the highest binding affinity (-5.7 kcal/mol) and lowest inhibition constant (0.066 mM), suggesting strong interaction with the target protein. The study also assessed the toxicity profiles of these compounds, indicating varying levels of acute toxicity and bioavailability, with most compounds showing low toxicity and favorable pharmacological profiles. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of S. tragus extract as a source of antimicrobial agents capable of interfering with microbial growth and biofilm formation, along with promising molecular interactions, as indicated by docking studies. Further investigation is warranted to optimize these properties for potential therapeutic applications.
Phytochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of Bellardia trixago methanol and ethanol extracts: insights from ADMET and molecular docking approaches
(Springer, 2025) Aytar, Erdi Can; Aydın, Betül; Durmaz, Alper; İncilay Torunoğlu, Emine
This study investigates the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and phytochemical properties of ethanol and methanol extracts derived from Bellardia trixago flowers alongside molecular docking and pharmacokinetic assessments of stigmasterol, a key bioactive compound. The antioxidant activities of the ethanol and methanol extracts were determined, with the methanol extract demonstrating higher activity, 0.370 ± 0.002 mg/mL, compared to the ethanol extract, 0.95 ± 0.09 mg/mL. The total phenolic content of the ethanol extract was 79.14 ± 2.30 mg GAE/g extract DW, and its flavonoid content was 244.31 ± 12.51 mg QE/g extract DW. The methanol extract contained a lower phenolic content of 51.50 ± 1.43 mg GAE/g extract DW but a higher flavonoid content of 251.67 ± 6.68 mg QE/g extract DW. The ethanol extract exhibited a superior iron chelation capacity of 8.21 ± 0.09 mg/mL relative to the methanol extract of 6.68 ± 0.28 mg/mL. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated that both extracts exhibited strong bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects, with MIC values ranging from < 0.39 mg/mL to > 125 mg/mL. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed against Bacillus cereus NRRL B-3711. Phytochemical analysis identified 25 compounds in the methanol extract and 20 in the ethanol extract. Stigmasterol was the major constituent in both extracts, accounting for 26.51% in ethanol and 12.65% in methanol. Molecular docking studies of stigmasterol revealed strong binding affinities with several protein targets, including Candida albicans Complex III2 (-8.7 kcal/mol), Escherichia coli HipBST (-7.2 kcal/mol), and the ribosomal subunit of Staphylococcus aureus (-7.0 kcal/mol). These interactions highlight stigmasterol’s potential role in modulating bacterial and fungal protein functions, emphasising the potential therapeutic applications of B. trixago, particularly in antimicrobial and antioxidant contexts.
Flow cytometry and gene expression modulation by euphorbia rigida Methanol extract in A549 lung cancer cells: Induction of apoptosis through bax, caspase-9, and bcl-2 pathways
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2025) Sarı, Zeynep Betül; Sarı, Muhammet Emin; Aytar, Erdi Can; Gümrükçüoğlu, Abidin; İncilay Torunoğlu, Emine; Özdemir Sancı, Tuba; Demirel, Gamze; Durmaz, Alper
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality. This study investigates the cytotoxic effects of Euphorbia rigida extract on A549 NSCLC cells and its potential as a therapeutic agent. Cellular morphology was observed microscopically, and cell viability was evaluated using dose-dependent proliferation assays. Apoptosis-related gene expression—including Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-9—was analyzed via quantitative PCR (qPCR). Chromatographic methods identified bioactive flavonoids, and molecular docking assessed their binding to cancer-related proteins. Additionally, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) profiles were evaluated. The extract induced apoptotic morphological changes such as cell shrinkage and loss of intercellular contact. A dose-dependent reduction in A549 viability was observed, with an IC50 of 0.5 mg mL−1. Gene expression indicated activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, with increased Bax and Caspase-9 and decreased Bcl-2 expression. Flow cytometry using Annexin V-allophycocyanin (V-APC) staining revealed selective cytotoxicity: significant apoptosis in A549 cells while preserving viability in BEAS-2B normal lung epithelial cells. Identified flavonoids included quercetin, apigenin, and myricetin, which showed strong binding affinities in docking studies. ADMET profiling supported their drug-likeness. These findings highlight E. rigida potential in NSCLC treatment via apoptosis induction and selective cytotoxicity.

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