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Türkiye'de finansal gelişme ve teknolojik yeniliklerin karbon emisyonu üzerindeki etkisi: RALS yaklaşımından elde edilen kanıtlar
(Ali Rıza SANDALCILAR, 2025) Konya, Serkan
Bu çalışma, 1984–2021 dönemi için Türkiye’de ekonomik büyüme, finansal gelişme ve teknolojik yeniliklerin karbon emisyonları üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektedir. Analizde RALS-ADF ve ADF birim kök testleri, RALS-EG ve Bayer-Hanck eşbütünleşme testleri, FMOLS tahmin yöntemi ve Fourier tabanlı Granger nedensellik testi uygulanmıştır. Ampirik bulgular, ekonomik büyümenin karbon emisyonlarını en güçlü biçimde artırdığını, finansal gelişmenin emisyonları azaltıcı yönde etkili olduğunu, teknolojik yeniliklerin ise sınırlı düzeyde emisyon artışına yol açtığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca, nedensellik analizleri ekonomik büyüme ile emisyonlar ve finansal gelişme ile emisyonlar arasında çift yönlü ilişkiler olduğunu, emisyonlar ile teknoloji arasında ise asimetrik bir nedensellik bulunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuçlar, Türkiye’nin düşük karbonlu büyüme stratejileri geliştirmesi, finansal sistemin yeşil yatırımları desteklemesi ve teknoloji politikalarının yenilenebilir enerji ve çevre dostu uygulamalara yönlendirilmesi gerektiğine işaret etmektedir.
Assessment of ergonomic risk factors for sustainable agricultural practices based on picture fuzzy lodeci-artasi approach
(Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi, 2025) Tatar, Veysel
The implementation of proactive risk management from an occupational health and safety (OHS) perspective is of paramount importance in ensuring sustainable production and enhancing work efficiency among employees. This paper aims to develop an innovative occupational health and safety risk assessment (OHSRA) model for workers exposed to ergonomic risks during agricultural harvesting operations. The approach to achieving this objective is through the implementation and validation of two innovative methodologies: the LOgarithmic DEcomposition Of Criteria Importance (LODECI) and Alternative Ranking Technique based on Adaptive Standardized Intervals (ARTASI) methods. This study utilized an integrated approach, incorporating LODECI's weighting method and ARTASI's prioritization technique, based on picture fuzzy sets which employs Fine-Kinney risk parameters, to prioritize ergonomic risk factors affecting work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The validation of the proposed model is conducted through a sensitivity and comparative analysis. The research findings indicated that the five most significant hazards in harvesting operations are 〖ERH〗_11 (Land of harvesting area), 〖ERH〗_2 (Repetitive motion), 〖ERH〗_4 (Standing for a long time), 〖ERH〗_12 (Work stress) and 〖ERH〗_9 (Unsuitable climatic conditions), respectively. In finally concluding the paper, discussion is provided of potential future research directions.
Artificial intelligence in port environmental management: A strategic analysis
(ORDU ÜNİVERSİTESİ, 2025) Önal, Esma; Toygar, Arda; Tehci, Ali
Maritime activities play a crucial role in global trade. However, seaports cause various environmental problems, particularly pollution in coastal and urban areas. Artificial intelligence (AI) and its subfields, machine learning and deep learning have emerged as promising tools for addressing these problems, garnering increasing interest within the maritime sector. Nevertheless, existing studies in literature often focus on a limited scope and fail to incorporate environmental priorities in seaport operations. This study explored the potential of AI and its subfields to enhance resilience to environmental problems posed by operational activities in seaports. Ten port environmental priorities from the ESPO’s report were included as environmental indicators. The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase involved a systematic literature review of 117 sources from the Web of Science and Scopus databases. In line with the systematic analysis, the second phase was evaluated using a SWOT analysis. Thereafter, a series of strategic recommendations were formulated on the based on an analysis of both internal and external factors. The study provided twelve strategic recommendations for enhancing current practices. AI and its subfields has the potential to become a strategic tool for achieving seaport sustainability goals that align with environmental priorities.
Optimization-based decision support model for risk assessment of autonomous ships: Spherical fuzzy FUCOM-ARTASI approach
(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2025) Tatar, Veysel
The establishment of a safe maritime infrastructure is a prerequisite for the realization of sustainable autonomous maritime transportation. The goal of this research is to establish a methodological model to evaluate the level of risk that potential hazards related to this type of technology pose. Hence, this study provides a decision support tool incorporating Fine-Kinney based spherical fuzzy environment extended FUCOM and ARTASI techniques to address the occupational risk assessment problem with multiple parameters and uncertainties. The study focuses on autonomous ship systems for operationally potential hazard risks for illustration of the case. The findings indicate that ASH2: (Insufficient work experience and training, 98.599 Ultimate Utility Functions Value), ASH13: (Cyber attack on ship bridge systems, 97.802), ASH1: (Absence of situational awareness, 97.186), ASH16: (Collisions due to a lack of interaction with ships or other objects in a heavy traffic environment, 97.046), and ASH3: (Defects in hardware or software design, 96.986) have been identified as the most significant hazards to the system. This research aims to provide a comprehensive guide to the existing intellectual corpus on risk analysis and hazard identification related to autonomous ships, with a view to facilitating the eventual implementation of sustainable, safe and effective autonomous shipping operations.
Evaluation of barriers to digital transformation in maritime logistics based on a spherical fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making framework
(T.C. SANAYİ VE TEKNOLOJİ BAKANLIĞI STRATEJİK ARAŞTIRMALAR VE VERİMLİLİK GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ, 2025) Tatar, Veysel
Purpose: The objective of this study is to identify and prioritize the barriers to the adoption of digital transformation in order to ensure more efficient and effective operation of the maritime logistics sector. Methodology: The Spherical Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (SF-AHP) method, which gives successful results in modelling uncertainty and uses Spherical fuzzy sets (SFSs), is used to rank the barriers affecting adoption of digital transformation according to their importance. Findings: In the application part of the study, firstly the barriers in the adoption of digital transformation were determined and as a result of expert evaluations, the barriers were ranked according to their importance by applying the steps of the method. When the results obtained from the study were examined, ‘Technology’ is the most important barrier category (B1) (0.341) for the adoption of digital transformation in maritime logistics, followed by the main barrier categories related to “Security” (B4) (0.266), “Environment” (B3) (0.223) and “Organisation” (B2) (0.171) respectively. Originality: This study represents a pioneering effort in the field of maritime logistics, as it is the first to identify and prioritize the barriers to digital transformation that impede operational efficiency.
Küresel bulanık sayılara dayalı TOPSIS tekniğiyle yeşil tedarikçi
(Giresun Üniversitesi, 2022) Kara, Karahan; Yalçın, Galip Cihan
Sürdürülebilir tedarik zinciri yapılarının oluşturulabilmesi için doğru tedarikçi seçimi önemlidir. Özellikle çevreye ve insan sağlığına duyarlı tedarikçilerin yani yeşil tedarikçilerin tespit edilmesi tedarikçi seçim sürecindeki temel hedefler arasında yer almaktadır. Yeşil tedarikçi seçim (YTS) problemi yoğunlukla çok kriterli karar verme ve çok ölçütlü grup karar verme araştırmalar konusudur. Bu araştırma da bir otel işletmesinin YTS problemi ele alınmıştır. Araştırmada küresel bulanık sayılar kullanılarak “İdeal çözüme benzerliğe göre sıralama tercihi (TOPSIS)” tekniği uygulanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında üç karar verici, dört alternatif ve dört kriter (Ekonomi, Kalite, Sosyal ve Çevresel kriterler) kullanılmıştır. Küresel bulanık dilsel ifadelere dayalı toplanan veriler Küresel Ağırlıklı Aritmetik Ortalama (SWAM) operatörü ile birleştirilmiş ve kriterler ağırlıklandırılmıştır. Küresel bulanık sayılara dayalı TOPSIS tekniğiyle alternatifler sıralanmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre otel işletmesinin YTS kriter ağırlığı en yüksek kriter kalite kriteri olarak, en düşük kriter sosyal kriter olarak belirlenmiştir. Uygulama sonucunda alternatiflerin sıralaması yapılmış ve üçüncü alternatif en iyi alternatif olarak tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmacılara YTS problem çözümünde bulanık sayılarla çok ölçütlü grup karar verme tekniklerinin uygulanması önerilmiştir.
A maturity model for digital transformation in the healthcare sector using integrated spherical fuzzy based MCDM approach
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Tatar, Veysel; Ayvaz, Berk
Digitalization has become increasingly important in recent years for the development and sustainability of organizations. Digital maturity models represent a critical component for assessing the capabilities of businesses in the context of digital transformation (DT), with a view to identifying strategies that will enable them to achieve a competitive advantage. The primary objective of this study is to devise a digital maturity assessment model for businesses in the healthcare sector. The model will facilitate the formulation of future-oriented policies by assessing their capabilities in the DT process. DT is becoming essential for healthcare systems. The digital maturity assessment model will reveal the technical and administrative requirements for digital transformation in the health sector. In this context, this study suggests a spherical fuzzy integrated multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) framework that combines spherical fuzzy FUCOM and spherical fuzzy ARTASI approaches in order to achieve this goal. A sensitivity analysis is performed to validate the robustness and stability of the proposed integrated method.
Moderating role of supplier coordination level in relation to data-driven supply chain and supply chain coordination capability
(IGI Global, 2023) Kara, Karahan; Yalçın, Galip Cihan; Önden, Abdullah
Big data and big data analytics have contributed to the collection of large amounts of data. This has led to the transformation to data-driven supply chain (DDSC) structures. The supply chain coordination capability (SCCC) has also been strengthened in DDSC. In this study, the effect of DDSC on SCCC and the moderator effect of supplier coordination (SCO) have been investigated. The research was carried out in the manufacturing firms. Three hundred eighty-three pieces of data were obtained between August and December 2021 by the simple random sampling method. Two hypotheses were developed. Simple regression analysis was used to test the first hypothesis, and moderator effect analysis was performed with the SPSS process to test the second hypothesis. It has been determined that the DDSC has a significant effect on the SCCC. In addition, SCO has a moderating effect, and when there is a high SCO, the DDSC has a greater effect on the SCCC.
The mediating role of green information systems in the relationship between green supplier-customer knowledge and organisational green performance: An empirical analysis in the textile industry
(Sosyoekonomi Society, 2023) Edinsel, Sercan; Kaygısız, Esra Gökçen; Kara, Karahan
This study discusses the effect of knowledge levels of green suppliers and customers on the green performance of organisations and the role of green information systems in this relationship. Four hypotheses were developed in the study. The research was carried out on textile companies operating in Bursa, Türkiye. Between August and September 2022, 495 surveys were collected. Green supplier and green customer knowledge levels have a positive and significant effect on organisational green performance. Green information systems fully mediate between green supplier knowledge and green organisational performance. However, green information systems partially mediate between green customer knowledge and organisational performance.
An intuitionistic fuzzy-based model for performance evaluation of EcoPorts
(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Yalçın, Galip Cihan; Kara, Karahan; Toygar, Arda; Simic, Vladimir; Pamucar, Dragan; Köleoğlu, Nilay
The EcoPort performance level serves as a basic indicator to determine the environmental status of a port and its achievement of certification standards. The European Sea Ports Organization has defined ten essential EcoPort criteria that contribute significantly to the assessment of EcoPort performance. The primary motivation for this study is to determine the importance of the criteria from the perspective of academics and chief officers, as well as to evaluate the EcoPort performance of six port authorities that comply with three basic certification standards for environmental management systems. The research methodology and application are conducted in four phases. In the first phase, experts, criteria, and alternative ports are identified. In the second phase, the importance levels of experts are determined using neutrosophic sets, while the criteria are weighted using the intuitionistic fuzzy weighting averaging operator. In the third phase, the alternative ranking order method accounting for two-step normalization (AROMAN) based on the intuitionistic fuzzy sets is introduced to evaluate the EcoPort performance of the ports. In the fourth phase, the results are supported by sensitivity analysis scenarios. The research results identified air pollution as the most critical criterion, while the Valencia Port Authority secured the highest rank in terms of EcoPort performance. Ultimately, this research contributes to the literature by developing and applying the new IF-AROMAN method for EcoPort performance evaluation.
Determination of logistics innovation performance index with entropy and combined compromise solution techniques
(Symmetrion, 2022) Kara, Karahan; Yalçın, Galip Cihan; Kaygısız, Esra Gökçen
Logistics innovation performance is the resultant force of countries' logistics and innovation performance. Indices show the logistics performance and innovation performance of countries. However, the countries' logistics innovation performance index (LIPI) has not yet developed. The primary purpose of this research is to create the LIPI of developing countries for 2021. The global innovation index (GII) and Agility Emerging Market Logistics Index (AEMLI) scores of 48 developing countries were used. Ten criteria of the research have been used. Three criteria (domestic logistics opportunities, international logistics opportunities, business fundamentals) are from AEMLI, and seven criteria (institutions, human capital, research, infrastructure, market sophistication, business sophistication, knowledge and technology outputs, and creative outputs) are from GII. The criteria are weighted using the Entropy technique. The Combined Compromise Solution (CoCoSo) technique is used to determine LIPI scores. As a result of the research, 2021 LIPI scores and rankings of developing countries have been created. Both AEMLI and GII scores have been compared with LIPI scores. In comparison, symmetric and asymmetric rank distributions are presented. In addition, suggestions have been shown to developing countries and researchers based on the implications.
Digital transformation in logistics activities
(Peter Lang AG, 2021) İpekçi, Emre
The twenty- first century was a period when digital technologies multiplied having gained great momentum. The emerging technologies during this period quickly penetrated the lives of both individuals and businesses. Digital technologies have got a foothold in, more or less, all sectors. Some sectors have benefited more quickly from what digitalization has brought due to their structure, while others have taken longer to transform digitally. Logistics and related sectors have rapidly adopted emerging technologies and incorporated them into their daily operations. Logistics is a critical process for the smooth operation of supply chains when evaluated from the viewpoint of multidimensional and multinational enterprises. Today’s holistic and sustainable supply chain management approach covers the entire product life cycle (Avelar- Sosa et al., 2019). For this reason, reverse logistics systems also occupy an important place concerning closed- loop supply chains, which plan both forward and backward flow of products. Although logistics are based on the smooth implementation of product movement, it is also quite crucial that the data generated in all processes is visible. This data needs to be seen by every element involved in the supply chain that makes up the chain, especially customers, suppliers and production lines. Data, such as product delivery date for customers, estimated time when raw materials will reach the production line for production planners, and inventory information for sellers is critical for businesses. Obtaining this data is only possible with the smooth management of the flow of product and information that occurs in logistics processes. This enables the intensive use of digital technologies in the logistics sector. This section focuses on the place of digitalization in the logistics sector. After investigating the digital transformation and technologies that have occurred in the logistics sector from past to present, the possible effects of emerging technologies on the logistics sector in the near future and in the following years and how new digital trends can guide logistics were discussed.
A quantitative ergonomic risk assessment model of maritime port operations: An integrated spherical fuzzy-FUCOM-ARTASI approach
(Elsevier Ltd, 2025) Tatar, Veysel; Ayvaz, Berk; Pamucar, Dragan
The objective of this study is to enhance a novel ergonomics risk assessment tool for workers in maritime port operations by implementing and validating two innovative methodologies, namely, the FUCOM and ARTASI methods. The integration of the Fine-Kinney method and spherical fuzzy sets into these methods provides a detailed understanding of the risks of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) in various port operations. The primary findings demonstrate the efficacy of FUCOM and ARTASI in evaluating risk magnitudes for diverse health factors, offering valuable insights for risk classification and proposing effective control measures. The study's findings indicate that the top five most significant hazards are ERG6 (Heavy lifting, pulling, pushing, stacking), ERG2 (Lashing and unlashing operations), ERG12 (Working long hours or on shifts), ERG1 (Poor posture/awkward postures), and ERG10 (Work-related stress). The study underscores the necessity for future research to enhance knowledge in this domain, thereby facilitating a more profound comprehension of occupational risk areas and the strategies implemented by occupational health and safety (OHS) management systems in the port environment in an integrated manner.
Analysis of renewable energy investments in China's BRI middle corridor using spherical fuzzy decision-making framework
(Elsevier Ltd, 2025) Tatar, Veysel; Ayvaz, Berk; Pamucar, Dragan
The importance of investment in, and access to, renewable energy is widely recognised as a key factor in achieving countries' sustainable development and economic growth goals. In order to advance sustainable development, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) project, proposed by China, represents a significant research area of investigation for countries aiming to attract investments in renewable energy sources (RES). The aim of this study is to provide an analytical evaluation methodology for investment risk factors for renewable energy (RE) in BRI middle corridor countries bordering the Black Sea. The methodology is based on multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approaches, including the spherical fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (SF-AHP) and the alternative ranking technique based on adaptive standardized intervals (ARTASI). While the SF-AHP is employed to prioritize main and sub-criteria in an environment of uncertainty, the ARTASI is utilized to rank the RE investment profiles of countries by integrating the calculated criteria. The results demonstrated that “Environmental” emerged as the most significant criterion, accounting for 21.61 % of the total importance, followed by “Economic” (21.26 %), “Political” (17.09 %), “Technical” (15.22 %), “Chinese factors” (14.63 %), and “Social” (10.19 %), respectively. The findings indicate that Türkiye and Romania, two of the BRI mid-corridor Black Sea coastal countries, are the most suitable options for Chinese enterprises investing overseas in terms of renewable energy investments. In light of these findings, it can be posited that Chinese enterprises will be better placed to manage and execute BRI renewable energy investment projects in a more effective manner, thereby reducing potential risks and enhancing the potential for investment benefits.
Determination and classification of entrepreneurial efficiency of countries: Data envelopment analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis
(Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi, 2024) Kaygısız, Esra Gökçen; Şahin, Begüm; Kara, Karahan
Entrepreneurship initiatives have undeniable effects on national economies. States and governments produce various strategies and policies to increase the contribution of entrepreneurship to the country's economy. Entrepreneurship levels of countries are determined by various organizations. Country entrepreneurship scores and rankings are regularly published by the “Global entrepreneurship monitor (GEM)”. Countries, on the other hand, understand their current level of entrepreneurship according to these reports. In this research, it is aimed to determine the entrepreneurial activity efficiency levels (EAE) of the countries with the data obtained from the GEM 2021 reports and to cluster them according to their activity levels. In this context, forty-two country data of five indicators presented in the 2021 GEM report were used. The research was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, four output-oriented data envelopment (DEA) models were created and the EAE were determined. In the second stage, the clustering of countries according to their EAEs was carried out by hierarchical clustering analysis. According to the research findings, 21 countries were at full efficiency in the DEA-1 model, 22 countries were at full efficiency in the DEA-2 model, and 18 countries were at full efficiency in the DEA-3 and DEA-4 models. In the hierarchical clustering analysis, the countries are clustered in three groups. Twenty-two countries were included in Cluster-1, seven countries in Cluster-2, and thirteen countries in Cluster-3. Cluster-1, Cluster-2 and Cluster-3 were characterized as high, middle, and low efficiency levels, respectively. As a result of the research, suggestions were made to countries to improve their entrepreneurial activities.
Developing a hybrid methodology for green-based supplier selection: Application in the automotive industry
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Kara, Karahan; Acar, Avni Zafer; Polat, Mustafa; Önden, İsmail; Yalçın, Galip Cihan
The green performance values of businesses are of great importance in terms of sustainability, which includes long-term economic, social, and environmental effects. Thus, today, enterprises and managers are increasingly interested in this issue, and related topics, including supplier selection, have been inserted into decision-making procedures. However, how to predict the effects of green performance criteria, which represent environmental sustainability, on social and economic sustainability remains unclear. In this regard, the main purpose of this research is to develop a supplier selection methodology considering green performance criteria by applying multiple regression analysis and the Evidential Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Making (F-MCDM) method based on Dempster-Shafer Theory (DST), which are both powerful methods in statistical analysis and decision-making under uncertainty. In the first phase of the research, variables that significantly affect green performance have been determined by testing the eight generated hypotheses with multiple regression analysis. Then, the best supplier was determined using those green supplier selection criteria in the Evidential F-MCDM method. Since using environmentally hazardous paints in the production process continues, the automobile paint production sector has been chosen as the application area of this green-based supplier selection methodology. In this respect, green dynamic capacity, green purchasing, eco-design, investment recovery, and green product innovation variables have been inserted into the Evidential F-MCDM method as the determinant variables of green performance. This research reveals that integrating multiple regression and Evidential F-MCDM methods can be a hybrid methodology in supplier selection. Thus, a different perspective is introduced into the green supplier selection decision-making process by considering the effects of criteria in the MCDM model on green performance. This innovation enhances the criteria determination and selection processes in classical MCDM approaches. In addition, green dynamic capacity is the most critical criterion in supplier selection based on their green performance, especially in the scope of this research.
In-depth exploration of challenges faced by women in the Turkish maritime industry: A qualitative study
(IOS Press BV, 2024) Yıldırım, Umut; Nart, Senem; Akar, Sevda; Sarıalioğlu, Songül; Toygar, Arda; Vardar, Burak; Coşkun Kaya, Sultan; Sarı, Mustafa
BACKGROUND: Women are underrepresented in the maritime industry compared to men. This sector continues to perpetuate gender discrimination and stereotypes, often overlooking women's physical competence. OBJECTIVE: To explore the multi-faceted challenges faced by Turkish female officers, unveiling the different dimensions of these challenges, and providing a comprehensive understanding of their experiences. METHODS: In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 Turkish female officers actively working on seagoing vessels. The data were analyzed using MAXQDA software. RESULTS: The challenges faced by female officers were examined using content analysis. A total of 50 different codes were identified within 10 categories. The categories are gender inequality, violence, restriction of freedom, work-family conflict, mental health, physical differences, unsafe living space, insufficient communication with management, lack of psychometric testing and limited access to health services. CONCLUSION: By shedding light on the unique obstacles faced by female officers in Turkey, this study enhances our understanding of the underlying challenges and lays the groundwork for the implementation of effective policies and practices that promote the empowerment of women in the maritime industry.
Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Decent Work Questionnaire and its effect on job satisfaction
(IOS Press BV, 2024) Çolakoǧlu, Cavit; Selek Öz, Cihan; Toygar, Arda
BACKGROUND: Work to develop a universal tool for the psychological evaluation and measurement of decent work is relatively new. In addition, the Decent Work Questionnaire, which evaluates decent work using a psychological approach, has not yet been adapted and validated in the Turkish sample group. OBJECTIVE: To adapt and validate the Turkish version of the Decent Work Questionnaire and to evaluate the effect of decent work on the job satisfaction among knowledge workers. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 906 knowledge workers. In the process of adapting and validating the Decent Work Questionnaire, the structural validity, internal consistency, convergent validity, divergent validity, and compatibility of the sample group data were tested. The effect of decent work on job satisfaction of knowledge workers was examined using structural equation modeling. RESULTS: The Decent Work Questionnaire was validated in the Turkish sample. The results showed that the reliability coefficients and dimensions of the Decent Work Questionnaire were highly satisfactory and consistent with the scale developers' study. According to another result of the study, decent work was found to have a significant and positive effect on Turkish knowledge workers' job satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: This study will fill gaps in the literature and will also contribute to the evaluation of decent work in all areas of the labor market, identifying its shortcomings and contributing to the development of effective human resource policies.
Understanding the impact of global challenges on container shipping: A qualitative study in the COVID-19 era
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Toygar, Arda; Yıldırım, Umut; Nart, Senem
Global challenges in container shipping can cause periodic disruptions and result in volumetric losses in supply chain operations, which can restrict commercial mobility. Throughout history, major disruptions have been the most significant drivers of change and progress. Therefore, it is crucial to determine the impact of these challenges to develop solutions. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of global challenges that have occurred in the COVID-19 era on container shipping. Qualitative research methods were used to form a study group of twenty-seven industry representatives. The challenges were conceptualized into four main themes. The results of the study showed that the strategic decision areas prioritized include prolongation of the transport time, port congestion, increased shipping cost, and global scale impact. This study allows the impact of global challenges on container shipping to be conceptualized and to identify criteria for decision-making methods.
The MEREC-AROMAN method for determining sustainable competitiveness levels: A case study for Turkey
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Kara, Karahan; Yalçın, Galip Cihan; Acar, Avni Zafer; Simic, Vladimir; Konya, Serkan; Pamucar, Dragan
Sustainable competitiveness represents a multifaceted phenomenon encompassing economic, environmental, and social dimensions. Macro-level competitiveness strategies are formulated based on the diverse capitals possessed by individual countries, thereby giving rise to variations in the sustainable competitiveness strategies of each country. This research introduces a novel hybrid method called the method based on the removal effects of criteria (MEREC)?alternative ranking order method accounting for two-step normalization (AROMAN) for determining sustainable competitiveness levels. This study aims to assess Turkey's sustainable competitiveness position vis-à-vis its border neighbors. Natural capital, resource efficiency and intensity, social capital, intellectual capital and innovation, economic sustainability, and governance efficiency are the Global Sustainable Competitiveness Index (GSCI) indicators. The GSCI indicators are employed as criteria for determining the sustainable competitiveness scores of countries. The findings show that the “resource efficiency and intensity” criterion has the highest level of significance. The sustainable competitiveness level of Turkey to its neighboring countries is elucidated based on the results. Recommendations are formulated for the development of strategies aimed at determining Turkey's position in the race for sustainable competitiveness. The introduced MEREC-AROMAN can be utilized to provide rules of thumb for other countries to improve their sustainable competitiveness. This research offers decision support for the formulation of countries' sustainable competitiveness strategies and policies, fostering awareness in the planning and establishment of regional collaborations among nations.

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