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Öğe Accelerated weathering performance of scots pine preimpregnated with copper based chemicals before varnish coating. Part II: Coated with water based varnish(Slovak Forest Products Research Inst, 2019) Gündüz, Ahmet; Baysal, Ergün; Türkoğlu, Türkay; Küçüktüvek, Mustafa; Altay, Çağlar; Peker, Hüseyin; Toker, HilmiThis study was designed to investigate some surface characteristics such as gloss, color, and surface hardness changes of Scots pine wood preimpregnated with some copper-based chemicals before varnish coating after accelerated weathering. While Adolit KD-5 (AD-KD 5), Wolmanit CX-8 (WCX-8), and Celcure AC-500 (CAC-500) were used as copper-based impregnation chemicals, water-based varnish (WBV) was used as a coating material. Results showed that surface hardness and gloss values of Scots pine were increased after accelerated weathering. Impregnated and WBV coated Scots pine gave better surface characteristics compared to only WBV coated Scots pine. In impregnation chemicals, while AD-KD 5 showed the most appropriate chemical, in terms of surface hardness and total color changes, CAC-500 was found the most valuable chemical in terms of gloss changes after 1000 h accelerated weathering exposure.Öğe Accelerated weathering performance of Scots pine preimpregnated with copper-based chemicals before varnish coating Part:1 coated with cellulosic and polyurethane varnishes(Wiley, 2020) Gündüz, Ahmet; Baysal, Ergün; Türkoğlu, Türkay; Altay, Çağlar; Küçüktüvek, Mustafa; Toker, Hilmi; Peker, HüseyinThis study aimed to determine the effect of accelerated weathering on gloss, surface hardness and colour changes of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Test samples were impregnated with Adolit KD?5, Wolmanit CX?8 and Celcure AC?500 covered with cellulosic and polyurethane varnishes. The results showed that the values of surface hardness and gloss increased after accelerated weathering. While the surface hardness of Scots pine was increased for impregnated and polyurethane?coated varnish, it decreased for impregnated and cellulosic varnish?coated Scots pine after 1000 hours of accelerated weathering exposure. Copper?based chemical impregnation and varnish coating developed the gloss of Scots pine specimens relative to the surface characteristics observed in single?coated Scots pine specimens. While the most appropriate chemical was Celcure AC?500 for surface hardness, it was Adolit KD?5 for the gloss of Scots pine after 1000 hours of accelerated weathering exposure. Wood specimens impregnated prior to the application of varnish were more effective in stabilising the colour of Scots pine than Scots pine only coated with varnish. Polyurethane varnish? treated Scots pine showed better colour stability for each partial and total accelerated weathering exposure period. The total colour changes were lowest for polyurethane varnish?coated Scots pine impregnated with Celcure AC?500 after 1000 hours of accelerated weathering exposure.Öğe Decay resistance, physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of heated oriental beech wood(Slovak Forest Products Research Inst, 2015) Aydın, Emrah; Baysal, Ergün; Toker, Hilmi; Türkoğlu, Türkay; Deveci, İlyas; Özçifçi, Ayhan; Peker, HüseyinHeat treatment of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) wood was carried out by hot air in an oven for 2, 6, and 10 h at 125, 155, and 185 degrees C. After heat treatment; decay resistance, oven dry density, modulus of rupture (MOR), compression strength parallel to grain (CSPG), and thermal characteristics of Oriental beech wood were investigated. Our results showed that heat treatment caused a decrease in oven dry density values of Oriental beech wood specimens. Heat treatment improved decay resistance of Oriental beech wood. Moreover, higher temperature and durations resulted in lower mass loss of wood after decay test. MOR values of heated Oriental beech decreased with increasing temperature and durations. CSPG values of Oriental beech decreased after heat treatments except for 2 and 6 hours heating at 125 degrees C. According to the thermal analysis results, thermal properties of heated Oriental beech wood were preserved except for heated Oriental beech wood at 185 degrees C for 6 and 10 hours.Öğe The effect of artificial weathering on surface properties of thermally modified oriental beech wood(Zagreb Univ, 2021) Türkoğlu, Türkay; Toker, Hilmi; Baysal, Ergün; Gündüz, Ahmet; Altay, Çağlar; Küçüktüvek, Mustafa; Peker, HüseyinThe study aimed to determine some surface parameters such as surface roughness and color changes of thermally modified Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) wood samples after 750 hours of artificial weathering. The results of the study showed that artificial weathering led to an increase in surface roughness of Oriental beech wood. Thermal modification interval of 210 degrees C - 230 degrees C gave a smoother surface than unmodified samples after artificial weathering. Artificial weathering caused darker, reddish, and yellowish tone of unmodified and thermally modified Oriental beech wood. According to the study findings, surface properties of thermally modified Oriental beech wood were better than those of unmodified Oriental beech.Öğe The effect of natural weathering on change in the color of heat treated and varnished scots pine and oriental beech woods(Slovak Forest Products Research Inst, 2018) Kart, Saban; Baysal, Ergün; Türkoğlu, Türkay; Küçüktüvek, Mustafa; Peker, Hüseyin; Altay, Çağlar; Gündüz, Ahmet; Toker, HilmiThis study was designed to investigate color changes of heat treated and varnished Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) after 3 months of weathering. Heat treatment of Oriental beech and Scots pine wood was carried out by hot air in an oven for 1, 2, and 3 hours at 205, 215, and 225 degrees C. After heat treatment, wood specimens were varnished using a polyurethane varnish (PV) and cellulosic varnish (CV). The results of study showed that heat treatment generally caused decrease of lightness of both wood specimens before weathering. In general, while heated and PV coated Scots pine and Oriental beech wood surfaces turned to reddish and yellowish, heated and CV coated Scots pine and Oriental beech wood surfaces turned to reddish and bluish after weathering. The total color changes of heated and varnished both wood specimens were lower than only varnished both wood specimens after weathering.Öğe Effect of SiO2 and AL(2)O(3) nanoparticles treatment on thermal behavior of oriental beech wood(Slovak Forest Products Research Inst, 2018) Deveci, İlyas; Saçlı, Cevdet; Türkoğlu, Türkay; Baysal, Ergün; Toker, Hilmi; Peker, HüseyinIn this study, investigation of the thermal properties of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L. ) wood samples treated with 1.50 and 3.00% aqueous solutions of SiO2 and Al2O3 nanopartides were performed by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential-thermogravimetric (DTG), and differential-thermal analysis (DTA) under argon atmosphere. Thermal degradation of SiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles treated Oriental beech wood could be separated in three district regions. These regions could be called as drying, pyrolysis, and charring. Our results showed that Al2O3 and SiO2 nanoparticle treatment increased residual char yield of Oriental beech wood samples. The highest residual char yield was obtained for wood samples treated with 3.00% Al2O3 nanoparticles. Moreover, higher concentration levels resulted in lower T-max values, higher T-i values and higher char yield of Oriental beech wood.Öğe Effects of natural weathering on surface characteristics of scots pine impregnated with wolmanit CX-8 and varnished(Slovak Forest Products Research Inst, 2020) Altay, Çağlar; Baysal, Ergün; Toker, Hilmi; Türkoğlu, Türkay; Küçüktüvek, Mustafa; Gündüz, Ahmet; Peker, HüseyinIn this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of weathering on some surface characteristics such as color and surface roughness changes of Scots pine impregnated with copper-containing chemical such as Wolmanit CX-8 (WCX-8) and varnished with synthetic varnish (SV), cellulosic varnish (CV), and polyurethane varnish (PV) were investigated. Results showed that while the WCX-8 impregnated and PV coated Scots pine specimens showed better color stability than other treatment groups after weathering, only CV coated Scots pine gave the most negative effect on color stability. While, the untreated (control) wood surface turned from red to green and yellow to blue respectively, after weathering, other all treatment groups gave reddish and yellowish tone after weathering. Weathering conditions increased the surface roughness of control (untreated) and other all treatment groups. The control group gave a rougher surface than other treatment groups after weathering. Surface roughness increases were the lower for CV coated Scots pine wood than other treatment groups. The results showed that while WCX-8 impregnation before varnishing gave better color characteristics, generally it caused to increase the surface roughness of Scots pine after weathering.Öğe Impact of UV irradıance on selected parameters of scots pine impregnated with some commonly used fire-retardants(Slovak Forest Products Research Inst, 2019) Baysal, Ergün; Altay, Çağlar; Türkoğlu, Türkay; Toker, Hilmi; Peker, HüseyinThis study was designed to determine some selected parameters such as gloss, surface roughness, and color changes of Scots pine wood impregnated with commonly used fire-retardant (FR) chemicals after UV irradiance. Sodium acetate (SA), ammonium chlorite (AC), zinc chlorite (ZC), ammoniumsulphate (AS), and di ammonium phosphate (DAP) were used as fire retardants. Wood specimens were prepared from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Before test, wood specimens were impregnated with 5 % aqueous solution of chemicals according to ASTM D 1413-76 standard. Results showed that UV irradiance caused gloss loss and increase surface roughness of FR impregnated and un-treated (control) Scots pine specimen. DAP was the most effective chemical in terms of reducing gloss loss and surface roughness of Scots pine after 750 h UV irradiance exposure. UV irradiance caused a dark, reddish, and yellowish color of impregnated and un-treated (control) Scots pine specimen after all UV irradiance periods. Total color changes in color (Delta E*) exhibited a systematic trend to higher values with increasing UV irradiance time. Total color changes of ZC impregnated Scots pine were the lowest after 750 h UV irradiance exposure.Öğe Mechanical properties of impregnated and heat treated oriental beech wood(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2016) Türkoğlu, Türkay; Baysal, Ergün; Yüksel, Mehmet; Peker, Hüseyin; Saçlı, Cevdet; Küreli, İhsan; Toker, HilmiThe main purpose of this study was to investigate mechanical properties such as the modulus of rupture (MOR) and compression strength parallel to grain (CSPG) of impregnated and heat-treated Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) wood. Some copper and boron containing impregnation chemicals such as Wolmanit CX-8 (WCX-8) and Celcure AC-500 (CAC500) were used. Wood specimens were impregnated 2% aqueous solution of the chemicals according to ASTM D1413-07e1 standard. The wood specimens were heated at 150 and 175 °C for 4 and 8 h, respectively. Results showed that both impregnation and heat treatment decreased the MOR and CSPG of Oriental beech wood. The MOR losses of Oriental beech after both treatments were higher than CSPG losses. The largest reduction of MOR and CSPG were observed with 51.5% and 15.5% for CAC-500 impregnated and heated at 175 °C for 8 h. Except for WCX-8 impregnation and heat treatment at 150 °C for 4 and 8 h, the MOR values of impregnated and heat-treated Oriental beech wood were lower than only heat-treated Oriental beech wood. It was also found that the CSPG values of impregnated and heat-treated Oriental beech wood were higher than only heat-treated Oriental beech wood, except for impregnation and heat treatment at 175 °C for 8 h.Öğe Physical properties of Oriental beech impregnated and coated with some chemicals(Associacao Brasileira de Polimeros, 2023) Toker, Hilmi; Oltay, Çağlar; Baysal, Ergün; Bircan Babahan, İlknur; Peker, HüseyinIn this research, oven-dry density, air-dry density, and water absorption levels of Oriental beech treated with flame-resistant chemicals (FRC) and coated with polyurethane/polyure (PU) and epoxy (EP) were evaluated. According to ISO 3129 standard, the experimental specimens were made from Oriental beech wood. Wood specimens were subjected to 3% aqueous solutions of boric acid, borax, a boric acid and borax mixture (1:1; weight: weight), ammonium sulphate, and polyurethane/polyurethane, and epoxy resins before being coated with these substances. Results showed that oven-dry and air-density values of PU coated wood were much higher than EP coated wood. Water absorption (WA) levels of PU coated of wood were lower than EP coated wood. While FRC treated and PU coated wood resulted in lower WA levels than only PU coated wood, FRC treated and EP coated wood resulted in higher WA levels than only EP coated wood.Öğe Some surface characteristics of varnished thermowood after weathering(Slovak Forest Products Research Inst, 2019) Kart, Saban; Baysal, Ergün; Küçüktüvek, Mustafa; Türkoğlu, Türkay; Toker, Hilmi; Altay, Çağlar; Cibo, Cihan; Peker, HüseyinThis study was designed to investigate some surface characteristics such as glossiness and surface roughness changes of varnished thermowood after six months of weathering. Thermal modification of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) wood were carried out by hot air in an oven for 1, 2, and 3 hours at 205, 215, and 225 degrees C. After the modification process, wood specimens were varnished using a polyurethane varnish (PV) and cellulosic varnish (CV). The natural weathering process caused an increase in the surface roughness of the test specimens according to the test results. The Scots pine and Oriental beech test specimens which were heat treated and varnished gave more favorable results compared to only varnish test specimens after natural weathering in terms of surface characteristics such as surface roughness and glossiness. Generally, as the heat treatment time and temperature increase, it is observed that the surface characteristics of the Scots pine and Oriental beech wood specimens improve positively. According to the results of the tests, the samples varnished with polyurethane varnish gave better results in terms of surface roughness at the end of the natural weathering process, whereas the samples varnished with cellulosic varnish gave better results in terms of glossiness values.Öğe Surface characteristics of heated and varnished oriental beech after accelerated weathering(Slovak Forest Products Research Inst, 2017) Türkoğlu, Türkay; Küçüktüvek, Mustafa; Kabasakal,Yahya; Baysal, Ergün; Gündüz, Ahmet; Bayraktar, Dursun Kemal; Toker, Hilmi; Peker, HüseyinThis study was performed to investigate some surface characteristics such as surface hardness, surface roughness, and color changes of heated and varnished Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) after accelerated weathering. Heat treatment of Oriental beech wood was carried out by hot air in an oven for 0.5, 1, and 1.5 h at 210, 220, and 230 degrees C. After heat treatment, Oriental beech wood specimens were varnished using a polyurethane varnish. The results showed that accelerated weathering generally caused increase of surface hardness of Oriental beech. Surface roughness and total color changes of heated and varnished Oriental beech were lower than only varnished (control) Oriental beech after accelerated weathering. Heated and varnished Oriental beech wood gave better surface characteristics than only varnished oriental beech after accelerated weathering.Öğe Surface characteristics of oriental beech and scots pine woods heat-treated above 200°c(Slovak Forest Products Research Inst, 2016) Toker, Hilmi; Baysal, Ergün; Türkoğlu, Türkay; Kart, Saban; Şen, Faruk; Peker, HüseyinHeat-treated of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) woods were carried out by hot air in an oven for 1, 3, and 5 hours at 205, 220, and 235 degrees C. After heat treatments, some surface properties such as color and gloss changes of both wood specimens were evaluated. Our results showed that heat treatment caused decrease in gloss values of Oriental beech and Scots pine wood specimens. Higher treatment temperature and duration resulted in higher gloss loss of wood specimens after heat treatments. Heat-treated wood became darker tonality, especially; it became more darkening after 3 and 5 hours heat treatments. Generally according to our results, Delta a* and Delta a* decreased after heat treatments. Oriental beech wood tended to become less reddish than Scots pine after heat treatments. Delta a*, Delta b* and Delta E* of heat-treated Oriental beech and Scots pine decreased with increasing treatment temperature and duration.Öğe Surface characteristics of scots pine treated with chemicals containing some copper compounds after weathering(Slovak Forest Products Research Inst, 2016) Üstün, Süleyman; Baysal, Ergün; Türkoğlu, Türkay; Toker, Hilmi; Saçlı, Cevdet; Peker, HüseyinIn this study, it was aimed to investigate surface hardness, gloss, and color changes of Scots pine treated with chemicals containing some copper compounds after six months weathering. Adolit KD-5 (AD KD-5), celcure AC-500 (CAC-500), and wolmanit CX-8 (WCX-8) were used as impregnation chemicals containing copper compounds. Scots pine wood specimens were treated with 2 % aqueous solution of chemicals according to ASTM D1413-07e1 (2007) standard. Results showed that while surface hardness and gloss values of untreated Scots pine wood specimens were decreased after weathering, they increased treated Scots pine wood specimens after weathering. The decrease in L* of untreated and treated wood indicates that the specimens became darker after weathering. While weathering caused less green and less yellow for untreated control specimen, it caused less red and less yellow for treated wood. Treated Scots pine wood specimens showed better color stability compared to untreated Scots pine after weathering. In terms of surface hardness, gloss, and color stability values CAC-500 treated Scots pine gave the best results after weathering.Öğe Surface characteristics of scots pine wood heated at high temperatures after weathering(Slovak Forest Products Research Inst, 2017) Küçüktüvek, Mustafa; Baysal, Ergün; Türkoğlu, Türkay; Peker, Hüseyin; Gündüz, Ahmet; Toker, HilmiThis study was conducted to investigate some surface properties of wood specimens of heat treated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) after weathering such as surface hardness, surface roughness, gloss, and color changes. Heat treatment of Scots pine wood was carried out by hot air in an oven for 1, 2, and 3 hours at 210, 220, and 230 degrees C. The results showed that generally surface hardness losses of heat treated Scots pine wood were lower than that of un-heated Scots pine wood after weathering. Heat treated Scots pine wood gave smooth surface after weathering. Except for heat treatment at 230 degrees C for 1 and 2 hours, heat treatment resulted in better glossiness compared to un-heated Scots pine wood after weathering. According to the test results, while heat treated Scots pine wood become lighter after weathering, un-heated wood become darken after weathering. In general, heat treated wood surface to become reddish and yellowish after weathering.Öğe Thermal analysis of oriental beech wood treated with some borates as fire retardants(Univ Bio- Bio, 2016) Üner, İsmail Hakkı; Deveci, İlyas; Baysal, Ergün; Türkoğlu, Türkay; Toker, Hilmi; Peker, HüseyinWood is widely used as a construction material for many applications. To have knowledge about the thermal degradation characteristic of wood could be crucial for indoor and outdoor applications. Chemical treatments could improve the resistance of wood against fire and heat. In this study, to investigate the thermal properties of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) wood treated with 0,25%; 1% and 4,70% aqueous solutions of boric acid, borax, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate and mixtures of and in different proportions, thermogravimetric analysis, differential-thermogravimetry, and differentialthermal analysis were performed. Our results showed that borate treatment decreased the Tmax (maximum degradation temperature) and increased residual char amount. Higher concentration levels of borates resulted in higher char content of Oriental beech wood specimens. Residual char content of borate treated wood samples at fixed concentration of 4,70% ranked as in the following order: disodium octaborate tetrahydrate > boric acid + borax (7:3) > boric acid + borax (1:1) > boric acid > borax >Control. The highest residual char content was achieved for the sample impregnated with 4,70% disodium octaborate tetrahydrate among the all treated samples.Öğe Thermal characteristics of oriental beech wood treated with some leaching resistant borates(Slovak Forest Products Research Inst, 2017) Deveci, İlyas; Baysal, Ergün; Toker, Hilmi; Yüksel, Mehmet; Türkoğlu, Türkay; Peker, HüseyinIt was aimed to investigate thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential-thermogravimetric (DTG), and differential-thermal analysis (DTA) of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) wood treated with some leaching resistant borates such as sodium tetraphenylborate (STPB) and phenylboronic acid (PBA). In this study; 0.25, 1.00, and 4.70 % aqueous solutions of borates were prepared. Results of the study indicated that pyrolysis occurred in three stages for STPB and PBA treated Oriental beech wood. Generally, while concentrations of the STPB and PBA increased, Ti and Tmax values of STPB and PBA treated wood specimens decreased. Residual char contents of STPB and PBA treated wood specimens for all concentrations were higher than untreated control specimen.Öğe Weathering characteristics of impregnated and coated Calabrian pine wood(Universidad del Bio-Bio, 2021) Baysal, Ergün; Toker, Hilmi; Türkoğlu, Türkay; Gündüz, Ahmet; Altay, Çağlar; Küçüktüvek, Mustafa; Peker, HüseyinThis study was designed to investigate the weathering characteristics of Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia) wood. The wood specimens were impregnated with some copper-based chemicals and then varnish coated. As copper-based chemicals, Celcure C4, Korasit KS, and Tanalith E 8000 were used for impregnation. Polyurethane varnish (PV) and water-based varnish (WBV) were used as coating materials. Firstly, Calabrian pine wood was impregnated with 2,5 % and 5 % aqueous solutions of chemicals then coated with PV and WBV. Impregnated and coated Calabrian pine wood specimens were subjected to 6 months of natural weathering in Muğla, Turkey. After weathering, surface hardness, surface roughness, and adhesion strength changes of Calabrian pine wood specimens were determined. Impregnation caused to increase in surface hardness values of Calabrian pine. Surface hardness increases of WBV coated Calabrian pine specimens were higher than that of PV coated Calabrian pine specimens. Impregnation resulted in higher surface roughness values of Calabrian pine specimens. PV coated Calabrian pine specimens gave higher surface roughness than that of WBV coated Calabrian pine specimens. The adhesion strength values of all treatment groups were decreased after.Öğe Weathering properties of scots pine treated with some chemicals(Slovak Forest Products Research Inst, 2017) Baysal, Ergün; Türkoğlu, Türkay; Gavçar, Erdoğan; Toker, Hilmi; Gündüz, Ahmet; Küçüktüvek, Mustafa; Bayraktar, Dursun Kemal; Peker, HüseyinThis study was aimed to investigate the gloss, surface hardness, surface roughness, and color changes of Scots pine that was treated with some chemicals after six months of weathering exposure. Chromated copper boron (CCB), vacsol aqua, and imersol aqua were used as the impregnation chemicals. Scots pine wood specimens were impregnated with 3% aqueous solutions of the chemicals according to ASTM standards. The results showed that while chemical treatment caused a decrease in surface hardness, gloss, and lightness of wood specimens, it increased the surface roughness of the wood before weathering. While the gloss values of all treated Scots pine specimens increased after weathering, the gloss loss was observed for the untreated specimen after weathering. All of the treated and untreated Scots pine wood surfaces were softened after weathering. The chemical treatment caused a decrease of surface roughness of wood after weathering. While in terms of the gloss, surface hardness, and surface roughness changes, the vacsol aqua-treated pine specimens gave the best results. The CCB-treated Scots pine showed the best color stability after weathering.
