Elektrik - Elektronik Mühendisliği Bölümü Yayın Koleksiyonu

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https://hdl.handle.net/11494/310

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Optimal real PIDD² controller design for vehicle cruise control via Levy flight-based White Shark Optimizer with Nelder-Mead algorithm
(SPRINGERNATURE, 2025)
Vehicle cruise control systems have become essential components of modern automobiles, offering significant benefits in driving comfort, fuel efficiency, and road safety. An effective control strategy is crucial for ensuring reliable performance. In this paper, a real PIDD² (proportional–integral–derivative plus second-order derivative) controller is proposed to address the challenges associated with achieving efficient and robust cruise control. To optimally tune the real PIDD² controller parameters, we develop a novel metaheuristic approach that enhances the white shark optimization (WSO) algorithm using Lévy flight and the Nelder–Mead method.While Lévy flight improves global exploration, the Nelder–Mead method strengthens local exploitation, resulting in the proposed L-WSONM algorithm. To validate its robustness and effectiveness, L-WSONM is extensively tested on complex optimization problems from the CEC2020 benchmark suite and compared with several high-performance algorithms, including gray wolf, pufferfish, golden jackal, reptile search, white shark, tunicate swarm, prairie dog, and seagull optimizers. The results show that L-WSONM consistently delivers superior solution quality and faster convergence rates, with the exception of functions F2 and F9. Finally, L-WSONM is applied to fine-tune the parameters of the real PIDD² controller for vehicle cruise control. Simulation results demonstrate that the L-WSONM-based real PIDD² controller achieves zero overshoot, a rise time of 0.463 s, and a settling time of 0.692 s, outperforming the original WSO and other recent approaches from the literature.
Effective fractional order PID control design of DC Motors using the walrus optimization algorithm
(PAMUKKALE UNIVERSITY, 2025) Başak, Hasan; Doğan, Kadri
This paper presents an approach utilizing the Walrus Optimization Algorithm (WaOA) to tune the parameters of the fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controller for regulating the speed of direct current (DC) motors. The optimal controller settings are determined employing a time-based performance metric, serving as a cost function, to attain high performance. The success of the WaOAbased FOPID controller is demonstrated through comprehensive statistical analysis and simulations. The results indicate that the WaOA effectively find the optimal parameters of the FOPID controller. Moreover, the superiority of the WaOA-based FOPID-controlled DC motor system is further supported by a detailed time-domain analysis. The WaOA-FOPID controller exhibits superior performance when compared with controllers utilizing alternative algorithms such as leader-based harris hawks, chaotic artificial hummingbird, improved slime mould, manta ray foraging based on opposition and simulated annealing, reptile search, prairie dog, grey wolf, and atom search. According to the results, WaOA emerges as an efficient method for optimizing FOPID parameters in the context of speed control for DC motor systems.
Evaluating gravity energy storage potential in Çoruh valley and recommendation for future applications
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025) Küçük, Ahmet Orhan; Taplamacıoğlu, Mustafa Cengiz; Dursun, Mahir
In this study, the major dams in the Çoruh Valley one of Turkey's key hydropower production regions (Deriner, Borçka, Muratli) are analyzed from a multidimensional perspective in terms of gravity-based energy storage (GES) integration. The dams' topographical features, surrounding land use, existing transportation and energy infrastructure, and geotechnical suitability are examined. As part of the modeling process, potential energy calculations are conducted for each dam, and energy storage capacity scenarios are developed based on varying mass module weights, lifting heights, and system installation densities. The analysis results indicate that Deriner Dam is the most suitable pilot site for a GES system, owing to its significant elevation difference (249 m), expansive and suitably sloped surrounding terrain, and well-established road connections. In contrast, Borçka and Muratli Dams offer lower potential capacity due to their limited elevation differences and terrain slope. The obtained results demonstrate that gravity-based energy storage systems are technically feasible in the Çoruh Valley and can provide a cost-effective solution in the long term. In this context, the study offers a pioneering assessment for the deployment of gravity-based energy storage technologies in Turkey, contributing strategically to integrated renewable energy systems and flexible grid solutions.
Ultra geniş band uygulamaları için düzlemsel hat beslemeli mikroşerit anten tasarımı
(Gazi Üniversitesi, 2018) Belen, Mehmet Ali
Haberleşme alanındaki geniş bant gereksinimlerden ötürü geniş bantlı antenler günümüzdepopüler hale gelmiştir. Son yıllarda gerek askeri gerekse ticari uygulamalarda boyutlarıküçültülmüş ancak aynı zamanda geniş bant genişliğine sahip antenlere olan ihtiyaç artmaktadır.Bu bağlamda, kompakt, hafif, küçük boyut, düşük maliyet ve geniş bant genişliği gibikavramlar kablosuz iletişim sistemleri tasarımcıları tarafından gerçekleştirilmesi gereken önemlizorlukların başında gelmektedir. Bu bağlamda mikroşerit antenler, basit yapıları, küçükboyutları, düzgün ve eğimli yüzeylere uygulanabilmeleri ve sert yüzeylere uygulandığındadayanıklı olmaları gibi birçok dikkat çekici özelliği ile öne çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamındaultra geniş band uygulamaları için 3GHz ile 11GHz arasında çalışan eş düzlemsel hat besleme(CPW-fed) yapısına sahip mikroşerit anten tasarımı yapılmıştır. Tasarımlarda CST MicrowaveStudio programı kullanılmıştır. Anten tasarımında 1.56mm kalınlıklı FR4 ve 4.4 epsilondeğerinde taban üzerine tasarlanmıştır. Anten 24mmx40mm boyutlarındadır. Yapılanbenzetimlerde band genişliği, S11, kazanç ve ışıma örüntüsü incelenmiş, parametrelerdedeğişiklikler yapılarak en iyi performansı gösteren anten yapısı belirlenmiş ve üretimi yapılarakölçümleri tamamlanmıştır. Yapılan ölçümler sonucunda üretilen anten modelinin 3GHz ile11GHz arasında geridönüş kaybı - S11<-10dB, kazancı ise 1dB ile 3.7 dB arasında eldeedilmiştir.
RF enerji hasatlama sistemleri için çift bandlı Greinacher doğrultucu devre tasarımı
(Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi, 2018) Belen, Mehmet Ali
Enerji hasatlama sistemleri günümüzde yeni bir enerji kaynağı olarakadlandırılmakta ve ortamda bulunan mevcut elektromanyetik enerjininkullanılmasını he deflemektedir. Enerji hasatlama sistemleri, düşük güç tüketiminesahip cihazlar için etkili bir çözüm olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu sistemlerinin temelamacı, düşük güç tüketimine sahip haberleşme sistemleri (ZigBee teknolojileri veKablosuz sensör ağları) ile birlikte kullanılıp batarya ömrünü uzatmaktır. Busistemlerin temel bileşenleri şunlardır: (1) minyatür anten ve (2) yüksek verimlidoğrultucu devresi. Birinci bileşen ortamdaki RF dalgalarını toplarken, ikincisi isetoplanan RF enerjisini doğrultarak DC'ye çevirir. Bu çalışmada 2.4GHz ve 2.7GHzfrekanslarında çalışan çift bandlı Greinacher doğrultucu devre tasarımı önerilmiştir.Uyumlandırma katında L-C ve mikroşerit stub yapıları kullanılmıştır. Greinacherdoğrultucu devresinin simetrik yapısı, diyotlar tarafından üretilen harmoniğinazalmasına yardımcı olmaktadır. Yapılan simülasyon sonuçlarına göre, 10dBm girişgücüne karşılık çıkışta 100 Kohm’luk yük direncinde 4,02V’luk bir DC gerilim eldeedilmiştir. 0dBm’lik giriş gücünde ise LTE frekansında 100ohm ile 100Kohmarasında değişen yük dirençlerinde -5 ile -15dBm arasında güç değerleri eldeedilmiştir. Tasarımlar ve spesifikasyonları AWR yazılımında yapılan benzetimler ileelde edilmiştir. Doğrultucudan elde edilen DC gerilim kullanılarak düşük güçtüketimine sahip sensörler ve sensör ağları beslenebilir ya da DC gerilimdepolanarak pil ömrü uzatılabilir.
Broadband Wilkinson power divider based on chebyshev impedance transform method
(Ceyhun YILMAZ, 2018) Kasar, Ömer; Gözel, Mahmut Ahmet; Kahriman, Mesud
Broadband impedance matching techniques widely used in microwave circuits. In this study, weproposed a 2-way multi-layer micro strip Wilkinson Power Divider (WPD) circuit matched byChebyshev İmpedance matching technique. The design was chosen at 1 GHz center frequencyand as four layers. The design was carried out as 3 dimensions on Advanced Design tool (ADS2009) which is 3D microwave circuits’ simulation tool. For -20 dB return loss reference level,while the reflection bandwidth was 25% in the basic quarter wave matched WPD, it could beincreased up to 132% in the Chebyshev matching. Additionally, for the reference powertransmission of -4.3 dB, the transmission bandwidth raised up to %160. In the range, theproposed design could transfer 75% of the input power to both output ports.
Açısal olarak değiştirilebilir dikdörtgen yamalı frekans seçici yüzeylerle, ayarlanabilir bant geçiren filtre tasarımı
(Tayfun UYGUNOĞLU, 2018) Kasar, Ömer; Geçin, Mustafa; Gözel, Mahmut Ahmet
Frekans Seçici Yüzey (FSY), bulunduğu ortamdan üzerine gelen elektromanyetik dalgalara karşı filtreözelliği gösterirler. Bu çalışmada mikrodalga frekanslarda bant geçiren özellikte frekans seçici yüzeyönerilmiştir. Bu amaçla iletken yüzey üzerinde oluşturulan ve açısal olarak döndürülebilen dikdörtgen yamalarkullanılmıştır. Yamaların yüzeyle arasındaki açı değiştikçe, FSY iletim ve yansıma karakteristiği de değişmekteve yüzeyin, filtre olarak çalıştığı frekans değeri artmaktadır. Önerilen çalışmada, açısal değişimli FSY için 1x1,2x1 ve 2x2 diziler tasarlanmış ve hepsinde yaklaşık olarak aynı karakteristiği verdiği görülmüştür. Tasarımda;FSY-yama açısı 0 derece olduğunda 2,0 GHz civarında olan geçirme frekansı; 15 derece için 2,3 GHz’e kadarçıktığı görülmüştür.
Improved gray wolf optimization algorithm for tuning non-integer order proportional integral derivative controller design
(Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi, 2025) Doğan, Kadri; Başak, Hasan
In this study, a noninteger-order proportional–integral–derivative (NIOPID) controller was used for controlling the speed of the direct current (DC) motor. The controller parameters have optimally been adjusted using the GWOJOS algorithm formed by combining the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm and the recently defined the Joint Opposite Selection (JOS) feature. The JOS brings a mutual reinforcement by a joint of the two opposition strategies Dynamic Opposite (DO) and Selective Leading Opposition (SLO). The DO and SLO improve the balance of exploration and exploitation, respectively, in a given search space. During the optimization phase, JOS helps GWO attack the target quickly by employing SLO. DO help GWO find more opportunities to find the most suitable prey. The GWO is able to improve its performance with JOS. This combination helps accelerating the convergence rate of GWO. We assessed GWOJOS's performance using the benchmark functions from the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2017 (CEC2017). The benchmark covers composition, hybrid, multimodal, and unimodal functions. The NIOPID-based speed control system for DC-motor using the GWOJOS algorithm has been designed using a time domain objective function that takes into account the performance criteria (maximum overshoot, steady-state error, rising time, and settling time). Some analyses, including robustness, time and frequency domain simulations, have been used to evaluate the performance of the proposed novel approach. The evaluation results have shown that the performance of GWOJOS was better than the performance of GWO, Slime Mould Algorithm (SMA), Atom Search Optimization (ASO), Simulated Annealing (SA) and the hybrid optimization algorithm created by opposition-based learning (OBL) strategy of SA and SMA algorithms (OBLSMASA).
A comprehensive evaluation of up-to-date optimization algorithms on MPPT application for photovoltaic systems
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2023) Cikan, Murat; Doğanşahin, Kadir
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) plays a significant role in obtaining maximum power at PV system outputs. Recent research has focused on minimizing the adverse effects of partial shading and dynamic environmental conditions on MPPT. Metaheuristic optimization algorithms have attracted attention with their success in these issues. The growing body of literature lacks a study that comprehensively evaluates current metaheuristic algorithms. In this study, the performances of 20 metaheuristic algorithms under five different shading conditions, nonuniform temperature distribution, and variable irradiance conditions have been investigated. The successes of the algorithms in the convergence of the global maximum value and their convergence rates have been calculated through various statistical metrics with different aspects. This study provides a novel approach to objectively evaluating the performances of the algorithms by using the three-dimensional Pareto Front method. As the result of this multicriteria evaluation, RKO, MPA and CGO algorithms are able to provide non-dominated results. These three algorithms are further tested using case analysis designed for dynamic operating conditions, and the RKO algorithm exhibited the most favorable results. Additionally, the RKO algorithm exhibits remarkable performance by reaching the LMPP/GMPP point within an average time of 3.2 milliseconds in all cases. Moreover, it demonstrates an average efficiency value exceeding 0.999.
Assessment of harmonic mitigation performance of electric springs with different inverter topologies
(Gumushane University, 2023) Duman, Turgay; Doğanşahin, Kadir
Electric spring (ES) is a new technology inspired by the idea of realization a system that is equivalent to mechanical springs in terms of functionality within power systems. Electric springs are comprised from a DC voltage source, an inverter and an LC filter at the grid side. It can be used effectively in power systems to perform many functions such as voltage regulation, reactive power compensation, demand management and energy storage. On the other hand, due to the semiconductor elements in ES structure, it causes distortion on voltage and current waveforms. However, various control approaches have been proposed in the literature in order to prevent the aforementioned distortions. In this study, three different ESs has been modeled with the inverter topologies chosen from the frequently preferred once used in applications, namely Half-Bridge, Full-Bridge, and Neutral Point Clamped Multi-Level Inverter (NPC-MLI). The disruptive effects of electric springs with different inverter topologies on the grid and their performance in harmonic elimination have been examined through the results obtained from simulations realized in MATLAB/Simulink.
Inverter based OTA Design Using gm/ID Transistor Sizing Technique
(IEEE, 2021) Atasoyu, Mesut
In this paper, transistor sizing of the inverter-based operational transconductance amplifier (OTA), which has been widely used in circuit applications recently, has been implemented with the gm-ID technique. Especially, considering the unit gain bandwidth, this design parameter is optmized with this technique. The proposed inverter-based OTA gain is 25dB, and the unity gain bandwidth value is 4.82 MHz, which is the simulation result, and 4.77 MHz, which is the calculated value. The simulated unit gain bandwidth frequency value, in particular, agrees with the measured value.
3D printed stacked antenna for WLAN drone communication
(Yildiz Technical University, 2023) Belen, Aysu; Tetık, Evrim; Başak, Hasan
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle or drone technologies have spread rapidly into areas such as search and rescue, monitoring, surveillance, emergency assistance, delivery of goods, and aerial photography and video. The design of compact, low cost, and multi resonant frequency antenna models has become a critical research study for these applications. Although one of the most popular antenna designs that have such specifications are Microstrip Patch Antennas (MPA), they have the handicap of narrow operation band. Stacking is one of the techniques that not only improve the bandwidth of the antenna but also makes it possible to increase its gain and expand its operation band. Herein, design of a low cost low weight wideband Stacked (MPA) design suitable for WLAN drone communication applications is studied. By using unique features of 3D printing technology the proposed design will be prototyped for satisfying the aimed design goals. For this purpose, the antenna is simulated in CST Microwave Studio by a 3D electromagnetic based model, and maximum gain level that is approaching 9.3 dBi at 5.8 GHz frequency has been achieved. Next, the antenna design is prototyped using 3D printing technology, and a gain level of 7.5, 8.3 dBi are measured at the operating frequencies 5.2 GHz and 5.8 GHz WLAN applications. The results show that the proposed antenna achieves higher performance than its counterparts in literature based on measures such as operation bandwidth, gain, size and manufacturing costs.
Investigation of the effect of RF-DC power conversion efficiency single/double layered dickson rectifier circuit using HSMS285c diode in 545 MHz to 5800 MHz GSM and ISM bands
(TUBITAK, 2019) Gözel, Mahmut Ahmet; Kasar, Ömer; Kahriman, Mesud
In this study, a Dickson Voltage Multiplier circuit is designed that is used RF energy harvesting technologies as rectifier topology. The efficiency analysis of these designs at different frequency and load values has been investigated. Advanced Design System (ADS) is used for design and simulation of single and double layer rectifier circuit. This layout was made using microstrip line. HSMS-285C diode is used in the rectifier layer. Rectifier efficiency, output voltage and load value that drive the circuit was investigated in single-and double-layer Dickson voltage multiplier when input power adjusted between-10dBm to 20dBm. In the single layer rectifier, 36% efficiency was observed at 545MHz and 32% efficiency at the double layer.
Design and implementation of a RF energy harvesting module with DC power control
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2018) Partal, Hakan P.; Partal, Sibel Zorlu; Belen, Mehmet Ali
In this experimental research paper, a zero-bias RF energy rectifying antenna (rectenna) is designed at an ISM band, DC output is amplified by employing DC boost converters, and DC energy is stored on super-capacitors. The rectenna is analyzed for low power detection and rectification efficiencies, impedance matching network is implemented to reduce the reflected RF power at the rectifiers' input, DC to DC converters are evaluated for their compatibility to the rectifiers, and super-capacitor behaviors are investigated for their charging time and adaptability as wirelessly chargeable batteries. Many practical concerns and experiences are discussed for the RF energy harvesting systems' potential implementations on low power sensors and wireless communications network.
Traveling-wave microstrip array antenna using substrate integrated wavequide
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2018) Belen, Mehmet Ali
Reconfigurable antennas have an increasing demand in communication systems due to their compatibility with variable system demands, environment conditions. With respect to their application need reconfigurable can change their, propagation pattern, frequency and polarization characteristics autonomously. Moreover, the ability of pattern steering has an utmost importance in, RADAR applications. By using leaky-wave antenna model in RADAR arrays, a small increase in frequency band can be provided by which an effective continues scanning can be achieved. By increasing the frequency of the array element it is possible to steer the pattern of array for providing a scanning in time, range and direction axis. Similarly by changing the frequency values it is possible to optimize the range and propagation pattern of the array. Herein, design of a frequency depended pattern steering Leaky-wave antenna in operation band of 6.8-8.2 GHz had been presented. The gain of the proposed antenna is around 7-10 dB and the main beam direction is steerable with the range of 0∼33 degree.
Composite anti-disturbance switched H₂ control design for switched systems
(Sciendo, 2025) Kemer, Emre; Başak, Hasan
This article addresses the challenge of integrated switched H₂ control with disturbance rejection capabilities for switched systems, particularly when external disturbances are present. A novel anti-disturbance switched H₂ control strategy is formulated, leveraging estimated disturbance values. The formulation is given in Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs), establishing sufficient conditions to ensure H₂ performance while maintaining closed-loop stability. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, it is applied to a practical aero-engine model. Through simulations, it is demonstrated that the closed-loop aero-engine model exhibits remarkable transient performance even in the face of external disturbances. These results underscore the efficacy of the developed approach in enhancing the robustness and performance of switched systems subjected to disturbances. The integration of anti-disturbance capabilities within the H₂ control framework offers a promising avenue for addressing real-world control challenges, particularly in systems characterized by switching dynamics and external perturbations.
Performance analysis of fuzzy-LQR and fuzzy-LQG controllers for active vehicle suspension systems
(MIM RESEARCH GROUP, 2025) Kemer, Emre; Başak, Hasan
Suspension systems in vehicles are crucial to both ride quality and driving security. The challenge of creating an effective control mechanism for automotive active suspension systems is addressed in this work. In the event of unforeseen road disturbances, the active suspension systems are intended to deliver a more pleasant ride and good handling. Fuzzy-Linear Quadratic Gaussian (FLQG) and Fuzzy-Linear Quadratic Regulator (FLQR) controllers adapting to road disturbances are proposed to enhance vehicle comfort through the reduction of the driver's overall body acceleration. The simulation findings demonstrate that the FLQR and FLQG controllers are efficient in adjusting the automotive suspension configuration under varying road profiles compared to those of the conventional LQR and LQG controllers.
An experimental investigation on the heat transfer characteristics of an unconfined primary air jet with two secondary jet bifurcations
(2025) Keleş, Haluk; Özmen, Yücel
In this study, the heat transfer effects on the target surface in unconfined impinging array jet flows with inclined secondary jets were experimentally investigated. Temperature distributions were obtained with an infrared camera throughout the center axis of the target plate for Reynolds number values of 20,000 and 30,000, jet-target plate aperture values of 0.5, 1, 3, and 6, and secondary jet inclination angles of 45 degrees, 52.5 degrees, and 60 degrees. From the temperature distributions obtained, the effect of the jet-target plate aperture, Reynolds number, and inclination angle of secondary jets on the local Nusselt number distributions along the top of target plate were investigated. The local Nusselt number values on the target impingement plate are observed to rise with increasing Reynolds number and fall with increasing jet-target plate aperture. The positions of the peaks taken shape on the target plate in the alignment of the axes of the secondary jets shift to larger +/- r/D values with increase in the jet-target plate aperture. As the inclination angle of the secondary jets increases, the positions of the secondary jets on the target plate approach the primary stagnation zone and the peaks at these positions become stronger. The most homogeneous Nusselt number distribution occurs when the secondary jet inclination angle is 60 degrees and the spacing H/D = 0.5.
Effect of secondary jet inclination angle on heat transfer in a confined impinging jet array
(Begell House Inc., 2025) Keleş, Haluk; Özmen, Yücel
In this study, the heat transfer effects on the impingement surface in confined impinging array jet flows with inclined secondary jets were experimentally investigated. Temperature distributions were obtained with a thermal camera throughout the center axis of the target plate for Reynolds number values of 20,000 and 30,000, inter-plate aperture values of 0.5, 1, 3, and 6, and secondary jet inclination angles of 45°, 52.5°, and 60°. From the temperature distributions obtained, the influence of Reynolds number, inter-plate aperture, and inclination angle of secondary jets on the Nusselt distributions on the target plate was investigated. It was perceived that the Nusselt values on the target plate increase with increasing Reynolds number and decrease with increasing inter-plate aperture. The location of the top points of the Nusselt number distribution is shaped on the target plate in line with the axes of the secondary jets. These distributions shift to larger ± r/D values as the aperture between the plates increases. As the inclination angle of the secondary jets increases, the positions of the secondary jets on the target plate approach the primary stagnation zone, and the top points at these positions become stronger. The most homogeneous Nusselt number distribution occurs when the secondary jet inclination angle is 60° and the aperture H/D = 1.
Experimental investigation of heat transfer effects in impinging circular jets confined by inclined plates
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Keleş, Haluk; Özmen, Yücel
In this study, the effects of heat transfer in turbulent flow fields of impinging circular jet confined by inclined plates were investigated experimentally. Temperature distributions on the impingement plates were acquired with thermal camera. Temperature measurements were carried out on the impingement plate in four different impinging circular jet flow setups confined by plates with inclination angles of theta = 0(degrees), 15(degrees), 30(degrees) and 45(degrees), with an inter-plate spacing of 0.5 <= H/D <= 10 and a Reynolds number range of 20,000 <= Re <= 30,000. The effects of confinement plate inclination angle, intervals among plates and Reynolds number on the Nusselt distributions of the impingement plates were examined. It was found that Nusselt values on the impingement plate increase with increasing Reynolds number and decrease with increasing intervals among plates. Secondary top points become visible in the Nusselt distributions on the impingement plate at H/D <= 3 values of the inter-plate spacing. The position of the secondary top points on the impingement plate move towards the ends of the impingement plate with increasing inclination angle of confinement plate.

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